Isopropanol-water-benzene mixture

For heterogeneous batch distillation a new double column configuration operating in closed system is suggested. This configuration is investigated by feasibility studies based on the assumption of maximal separation and is compared with the traditional batch rectifier. The calculations are performed for a binary (n-butanol - water) and for a ternary heteroazeotropic mixture (isopropanol - water + benzene as entrainer). Keywords heteroazeotrope, batch distillation, feasibility studies. 

Calculations are performed for a binary (n-butanol - water) and for a ternary heteroazeotropic mixture (isopropanol - water + benzene). 

A mixture of 59.5 g of that oily product, 1.B5 liters of benzene and 1 kg of potassium bisulfite in 200 liters of water is stirred at room temperature for two hours. The precipitated bisulfite addition product of the ketone is isolated by filtration and washed with isopropanol and then with ether. Five hundred grams of the adduct is mixed with 119.5 g of potassium cyanide, 292 ml of B5% hydrazine hydrate and 910 ml of water. The mixture is stirred overnight at room temperature after which the product is isolated by filtration. The product is washed 3 times with 250 ml portions of water and then 3 times with 230 ml portions of ether. It is then air dried and vacuum dried at room temperature. The intermediate so produced has the following formula ... 

Separation of the ternary mixture (isopropanol (A) - water (B) + benzene (E)) Binary azeotropic charge ( xbaz = [0.674,0.326,0]) is separated by the application of an entrainer ( ). The composition of the ternary IPA - water - benzene heteroazeotrope and those of its it-rich and 5-rich phases ... 

Polystyrene-Aluminum chloride,10 Aluminum chloride forms a water-stable complex with polystyrene-divinylbenzene (1.8%) copolymer11 denoted as (P) A1C13. In a typical preparation, the copolymer beads (59-100 mesh, 31.0 g.) are treated with carbon disulfide and then anhydrous aluminum chloride (7.5 g.). The mixture is stirred at reflux for 40 min. and then excess AIC13 is destroyed by cautious addition of water. The mixture is stirred until the original orange color fades to light yellow. The (Pf-AlClj is filtered, washed with water, then successively with ether, acetone, hot isopropanol, and ether, and finally dried in a vacuum oven for 18 hr. The complex is stable to the atmosphere for over one year. The anhydrous aluminum chloride can be released from the polymer by swelling with various solvents benzene, hexane, carbon disulfide. 

The mode of operation and the dimensioning of a heteroazeotropic distillation as exemplified by the separation of the system water-acetic acid has been described by Wolf et al. [61b]. Morozova and Platonov [61c] analyzed the structure of phase diagrams of multicomponent mixtures using a digital computer. They studied the requirements for the separation of azeotropic mixtures. In order to achieve optimum column combinations Serafimov et al. [58 c] studied the ternary mi.xture isopropanol/ benzene/water on the basis of a mathematical treatment of the separation of heteroazeotropic mixtures. In another paper [58 d] a procedure was presented for the separation into its components of the water-containing mixture with acetone, ethanol, benzene and butyl acetate by means of the thermodynamic and topological analysis of the phase diagram structure. 

Figure 6.16. Trajectories of heteroazeotropic distiUation (a) distillate from azeocolumn to decanter for separation toluene(l)-ethanol(2)-water(3) mixture (b) distillate from azeocolumn to decanter and a recycle stream of the entrainer from decanter to azeocolumn for separation benzene(l)-isopropanol(2)-water(3) mixture (c) distillate from azeostripping to decanter and a recycle stream of the entrainer from decanter to azeostripping for separation benzene(l)-isopropanol(2)-water(3) mixture (d) distillate from azeocolumn to decanter and a recycle stream of the entrainer from decanter to azeocolumn for separation acetic add(l)-n-butyl acetate (2)-water(3) mixture (e) bottom from azeocolumn to decanter for separation butanol(l)-acetone(2)-water(3) mixture and (f) side product from azeocolumn to decanter for separation butanol(l)-acetone(2)-water(3) mixture. Regions of two liquid phases Regi,i 1,2 are shaded.

A mixture of 2.0 g (0.064 mol) of 2-fluoromethyl-3-(o-tolyl)-6-nitro-4(3H)-qulnazolinone, Oi g of 5% palladium-carbon and 100 ml of acetic acid is shaken for 30 minutes in hydrogen gas. The initial pressure of hydrogen gas is adjusted to 46 lb and the mixture is heated with an infrared lamp during the reaction. After 30 minutes of this reaction, the pressure of hydrogen gas decreases to 6 lb. After the mixture is cooled, the mixture is filtered to remove the catalyst. The filtrate is evaporated to remove acetic acid, and the residue is dissolved in chloroform. The chloroform solution is washed with 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide and water, successively. Then, the solution is dried and evaporated to remove solvent. The oily residue thus obtained is dissolved in 2 ml of chloroform, and the chloroform solution is passed through a column of 200 g of silica gel. The silica gel column is eluted with ethyl acetate-benzene (1 1). Then, the eluate is evaporated to remove solvent. The crude crystal obtained is washed with isopropylether and recrystallized from isopropanol. 0.95 g of 2-fluoromethyl-3-(o-tolyl)-6-amino-4(3H)-quinazolinone Is obtained. Yield 52.5% MP 195°-196°C. 

Preparation of Alkaloid Mixture 50 ml of the concentrated benzene solution, obtained as described was rapidly stirred, and a saturated solution of hydrogen chloride in ether added to the concentrated benzene solution until no more precipitate was obtained. The resulting precipitate was recovered by filtration and comprised the crude hydrochlorides of the extracted alkaloids and the hydrochloride of any unrecovered triethylamine. This material was dried by heating at a temperature of about 75°C for 6 hours, the crude, dried precipitate ground with 50 ml of isopropanol and to this slurry was added 1,000 ml of water. The resulting mixture was filtered. To the clear filtrate, cooled to 5°C, there was slowly added with rapid stirring, a 10% aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide, until complete precipitation was accomplished. The precipitate was filtered off, washed with water and dried by heating at about 75°C for 6 hours. 

The free base is liberated from the acid solution with 20% sodium hydroxide solution and taken up in ether. The ether layer is washed with water, saturated with NaCI and then shaken with solid potassium hydroxide. The ether is removed by distillation, 200 parts of benzene added and distilled off. The residue is distilled in vacuo and the fraction 150°-165°C/2 mm is collected and amounts to 433 parts. The hydrochloride salt is prepared by dissolving the free base in anhydrous ether and slowly adding an alcoholic solution of hydrogen chloride. The solid is recrystallized from absolute alcohol-ether mixture or isopropanol-ether mixture and has a MP of 161-162°C. 

A mixture of (2,3-dimethylphenyl)glycidic ether and t-butylamine in ethanol is heated at reflux for 6 h. The solvent is removed, the residue is washed with water and then extracted with benzene. The dried extract is evaporated to give l-t-butylamino-l-(2,3-dimethylphenoxy)-2-propanol, melting point 71-72°C (crystallized from isopropanol). 

Figure 4 Example of the application of chrom-NMR/HRMAS with regular NMR solvents and bare silica as a solid phase. Left panel aromatic molecule homologues in deuterated chloroform benzene, naphthalene and anthracene. Right panel alcohol mixture ethylene glycol, phenol, isopropanol in deuterated water. Adapted with permission from Ref. 53. Copyright 2008 Elsevier.

Z,Z)-Bis[2-phenylethenyl] Ditellnrium2 6.4 g (50 mmol) tellurium, 42 g (750 mmol) potassium hydroxide. 22.6 g (100 mmol) tin(II) chloride dihydrate, 10,2 g(100 mmol) phenylacetylene, 20 ml toluene, 60 ml water, and 1.2 g Adogen 464 are vigorously stirred and kept at 80° to 97° for 7 h. The organic layer is separated and the aqueous layer is extracted with benzene. The benzene is evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue dissolved in a small volume of diethyl ether. This solution is poured into 200 m/ isopropanol. The mixture is kept in the refrigerator for 3 days. The yellow crystals of the bis[2-phenylethenyl] tellurium are separated from the red needles of the ditellurium compound, that melted at 82 (yield 6%). 

For example, pentachlorophenol can be extracted from water samples with benzene [12]. To a preserved sample (volume <1 1), 30 ml of benzene are added and the mixture is stirred for 45 min. The benzene phase is transferred into a separating funnel and the extraction is repeated with 30 ml of benzene for 30 min and 10 ml of benzene for 10 min. Sodium sulphate, isopropanol and/or methanol is used to break any emulsion. The combined benzene extracts are further extracted once with 40 ml and twice with 30 ml of 0.1 MK2C03 solution. The aqueous phase is used for derivatization. 

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