Isolation and Structure Elucidation

The polarity of anthracycUnes may vary over a wide range. While the agly-cones are usually stable and rather unpolar, the acid-sensitive highly glycosy- 

For the isolation and purification of anthracyclines and anthracyclinones, the culture broth is sometimes acidified or basidified, depending on the pJCa value, followed by filtration and extraction with organic solvents. The lipophihc anthracyclinones are mostly concentrated in the mycelium and must be extracted with acetone and acetone/dichloromethane mixtures. The more polar members of the glycosides are present mainly in the culture filtrate and can be recovered by repeated extraction with ethyl acetate or -more conveniently - by adsorption resins Hke XAD-7 or Diaion HP-20. To isolate residual parts from the mycehum, acetone under addition of acetic acid may be required. Under these conditions, however, some anthracyclines are aheady cleaved, and this may be the reason that only very few glycosides with more than four sugar units in a chain have been described in the hteratme. 

As many physical and chemical properties are closely related within the anthracyclines, especially with respect to the spectroscopic properties, these topics will be discussed in common, before selected examples of the individual groups are described. 

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Inoue, S., et al. (1977b). Squid bioluminescence IV. Isolation and structural elucidation of Watasenia dehydropreluciferin. Chem. Lett., pp. 259-262. 

Hanka, L.J. et al. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (AACHAX) 1966, 619. isolation and structure elucidation ... 

Engel, N. et ah. Chlorophyll catabolism in Chlorella protothecoides Isolation and structure elucidation of a red bilin derivative, FEES Lett., 293, 131, 1991. 

Pfister, S. et al.. Isolation and structure elucidation of carotenoid-glycosyl esters in gardenia fruits Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) and saffron (Crocus sativus Linne), J. Agric. Food Chem., 44, 2612, 1996. 

Mercadante, A.Z., Steck, A., and Pfander, H., Carotenoids from gnava isolation and structure elucidation, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 145, 1999. 

Burhenne J, M Ludwig, M Spiteller (1997b) Photolytic degradation of fluoroquinolone carboxylic acids in aqueous solution. Isolation and structural elucidation of polar photometabolites. Environ Sci Pollut Res 4 61-67. 

Lee KH, Ibuka T, Furukawa H, Kozuka M, Wu RY, Hall IH, Huang HC. Antitumor agents XXXVIII Isolation and structural elucidation of novel germacranolides and triterpenes from Elephantopus mollis. J Pharm Sci 1980 69 1050-1056. 

Y.Y. Soong and P.J. Barlow, Isolation and structure elucidation of phenolic compounds from longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) seed by high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1085, 270 277 (2005). 

Kan-Fan and Husson reported the isolation and structure elucidation of 4,21-dehydrogeissoschizine chloride (32) from the leaves of Guettarda eximia (39). It has been suggested that this alkaloid is a biosynthetic intermediate of several... 

Darlingia darlingiana (F. Muell.) L.A.S. Johnson, is a tall tree from the rain forests of northern Queensland. Besides a tropene and two pyranotropanes, Bick et al. have reported the isolation and structure elucidation of eight pyrrolidine... 

Techniques in isolation and structure elucidation of (volatile) semiochemicals from beetles are the same as in other insects. Problems are mainly due to the often very small amounts of target compounds, embedded in large amounts of non-active substances which form a kind of cosmetic formulation for the biologically active principle. Comprehensive reviews of analytical approaches have been published [18-20]. 

Murata, M., Isolation and structural elucidation of the causative toxin of the diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, Bull. Jpn. Soc.Sci. Fish, 48, 549, 1982. 

Yamamoto S, Okujo N, Sakakibara Y (1994) Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Acinetobactin, a Novel Siderophore from Acinetobacter baumannii. Arch Mikrobiol 162 249... 

Noda N, Ono M, Miyahara K, Kawasaki T, Okabe M (1987) Resin Glycosides. I. Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Orizabin-I, II, III and IV, Genuine Resin Glycosides from the Root of Ipomoea orizabensis. Tetrahedron 43 3889... 

Pereda-Miranda R, Hemandez-Carlos B (2002) HPLC Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Diastereomeric Niloyl Ester Tetrasaccharides from Mexican Scammony Root. Tetrahedron 58 3145... 

Platts and Tomkinson reported a detailed quantitative study of the iminium ion catalysed Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and cinnamaldehyde catalysed by trifluoromethyl pyrrolidine salt 182-HPFg [227]. This combination of secondary amine, co-acid and dienophile allowed the isolation and structural elucidation of the reactive iminium ion intermediate. As a result it was possible to... 

Sohrab H, Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Secondary Metabolites from Endophytic Fungi and the plant Prismatomeris tetrandra and Synthesis of (-b)-Ochromycinone, Department Chemie, Universitat Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany, pp. 141, 2005. 

Such allelopathic activity is developed during maturation of oat plants. Whereas only little activity is found in roots, somewhat more is found in stem and leaves. The highest activity, however, is found in the caryopses during maturation, especially in the husks ( ). In the first part of this paper, we shall describe isolation and structural elucidation of the main inhibitor from the husks of Avena sativa, which can be considered as an allelochemical against seeds of several plants. The second part of the paper deals with allelochemicals from rose seeds which, although of different chemical structure, bear some relationship to the allelochemical from oats. 

In 1988, Furukawa et al. reported the isolation of 3-formylcarbazole (3) from the root bark of M. euchrestifolia (22). Three years later, McChesney and El-Feraly isolated 3-formylcarbazole (3), along with methyl carbazole-3-carboxylate (4), from the roots of Clausena lansium (23). The roots of this ornamental tree are used in traditional medicine in Taiwan to treat bronchitis and malaria (23). In 1992, Bhattacharyya et al. described the isolation and structural elucidation of 3-formylcarbazole (3) from G. pentaphylla (24). 

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