Isoenzyme analysis

Several species and populations from other Anopheles complexes have been discriminated based on CHC patterns. Examples include all five species of the An. quad-rimaculus complex (Carlson et al., 1997), some species of the An. maculipennis complex (Phillips et al., 1990a), malaria-vector and non-vector forms of the An. maculates complex (Kittayapong et al., 1990, 1993), and An. Stephensi strains susceptible or resistant to DDT and malathion (Anyanwu et al., 1993, 1997). CHCs have been used in combination with isoenzyme analysis to successfully differentiate populations of An. darlingi (Rosa-Freitas et al., 1992). All these findings demonstrate that hydrocarbon analysis is a powerful tool for distinguishing mosquito species and populations. This is particularly important for disease vectors, since it can facilitate interpretation of epidemiological data and assist implementation of control measures. 

Fig. 6.9. Electrophoretic patterns obtained with soluble extracts of protoscoleces removed from hydatid cysts of human(H), camel(C), sheep(S), cattle(B) and goat(G) origin from Kenya. Upper panel stained for the enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase lower panel stained for the enzyme phosphoglucomutase. (Reprinted with permission from International Journal for Parasitology, 12, Macpherson, C. N. L. McManus, D. P., A comparative study of Echinococcus granulosus from human and animal hosts in Kenya using isoelectric focusing and isoenzyme analysis, 1982, Pergamon Journals Ltd.)...

Macpherson, C. N. L. McManus, D. P. (1982). A comparative study of Echinococcus granulosus from human and animal hosts in Kenya using isoelectric focusing and isoenzyme analysis. International Journal for Parasitology, 12 515-21. 

Agarose gel electrophoresis (typically 0.7-1 % agarose w/v) is increasingly used in clinical laboratories in place of cellulose acetate, for example in zone electrophoresis of serum proteins, isoenzyme analysis of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase, and immunoelectrophoresis. 

Cytogenetic analysis Isoenzyme analysis DNA fingerprinting/ profiling... 

Stacey GN, Hoelzl H, Stephenson JR Doyle A (1997) Authentication of animal cell cultures by direct visualisation of DNA, Aldolase gene PCR and isoenzyme analysis. Biologicals 25 75-83. 

The choice and application of various methods of isoenzyme analysis in clinical enzymology are discussed in Chapter 21 in relation to specific isoenzyme systems. 

Moss DW. Isoenzyme Analysis. London The Chemical Society, 1979. 

A result of the application of the techniques of isoenzyme analysis to the characterization of ALP in serum was the discovery that forms of the enzyme essentially identical with the normal placental isoenzyme appear in the sera of some patients with malignant diseases. These carcinopla-cental isoenzymes (e.g., Regan isoenzyme) appear to result from the derepression of the placental ALP gene. As described below, the presence of these isoenzymes can be readily detected in serum by their stability at 65 °C. Tumors have also been found to produce ALPs that appear to be modified forms of nonplacental isoenzymes (Kasahara isoenzyme). 

F8. Fishman, W. H., and Green, S., Automated differential isoenzyme analysis. I. L-phenylalanine-sensitive isoenzymes of human serum alkaline phosphatase. Enzymologia, 38, 89-99 (1967). 

Antilipidemic Agents. The administration of clofibrate leads to a significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase both in hyperlipidemic and in normolipidemic patients (F5, S8, W18). Isoenzyme analysis shows that this change is entirely attributable to a reduction in the circulating liver enzyme (W18). 

Several applications of starches containing triazine groups were reported. Those containing alkyltriazinone groups were proposed as additives for waste flocculation.2414 Use of ion-exchange resins for fractionating polysaccharides and other biopolymers was proposed.2539 The disodium salt of (2-[8-hydroxy-3,6-bis(sulfo-l-naphthylamino)]-4,6-dichloro-yym-triazino) starch is useful in isoenzyme analysis.2540... 

Muscle is the only source of CK and by measuring the isoenzyme CK-MB one can determine whether or not cardiac muscle is involved. If the liver is involved then the serum yGT should be increased as this is one of the most sensitive indicators of liver disease. LDH isoenzyme analysis will help identify erythrocyte damage as a possible source for some of the LDH and AST activity. In haemolytic disorders, one would expect a reticulocytosis and intravascular haemolysis will lead to a low serum haptoglobin level. These investigations will help identify whether or not erythrocytes have contributed to the serum enzymes. 

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