Isethionic acid

A.gllsethionates. These are among the oldest of the synthetic detergents and were developed ia Germany to overcome problems of hard water. They are prepared by reaction of fatty acid chlorides with a salt of isethionic acid, ie, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid [107-36-8]. These detergents have moderate foaming properties and have seen only limited use ia shampoos. 

Preparation of the Final Isethionate Product The diisethionate may be produced by treating a solution of the dihydrochloride with alkali carbonate, separating and dissolving the resultant base in aqueous isethionic acid and precipitating the diisethionate with acetone. The product may be purified by dissolving in hot methyl alcohol containing a trace of water followed by precipitation by the cautious addition of acetone. The diisethionate has a MP of 286°C. 

Further auxiliary agents for the production of anionic surfactants are the sulfation and sulfonation agents oleum, chlorosulfonic acid, C1-S02-0H, air-S03 mixtures, air-S02 mixtures, sultones (especially 1,3-propanesultone (CH2—CH2—CH2—SO2), and isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic O-------------------1... 

II. SYNTHESIS OF LIME SOAP DISPERSANTS A. Fatty Esters of Isethionic Acid... 

Fatty esters of isethionic acid were first produced by the I.G. Farbenindustrie in the early 1930s under the trade name Igepon A. A two-step synthesis is required [3]. 

Irciniasulfonic acid (629) was obtained from Ircinia sp. from Japanese waters. Spectroscopic and chemical analyses revealed it to consist of three different kinds of acids common fatty acids, a novel unsaturated branched CIO fatty acid and an isethionic acid. Irciniasulfonic acid (629) reverses multidrug resistance in human carcinoma cells caused by overexpression of membrane glycoprotein [498]. 

Taurine is generally prepared from ox bile1 or the large muscle of the abalone.2 It has been synthesized from isethionic acid through chloroethanesulfonic acid followed by the action of aqueous ammonia 3 from ethyleneimine and sulfur dioxide 4 from 2-mercaptothiazoline by oxidation with bromine water 5 from bromoethylamine and ammonium sulfite 6 and from acetaldehyde by a complex set of reactions involving sulfonation, formation of the aldehyde ammonia and the imido sulfonic acid and finally reduction.7 The method given in the procedure has recently appeared in the literature.8... 

A quantitatively important pathway of cysteine catabolism in animals is oxidation to cysteine sulfinate (Fig. 24-25, reaction z),450 a two-step hydroxyl-ation requiring 02, NADPH or NADH, and Fe2+. Cysteine sulfinic acid can be further oxidized to cyste-ic acid (cysteine sulfonate),454 which can be decarbox-ylated to taurine. The latter is a component of bile salts (Fig. 22-16) and is one of the most abundant free amino acids in human tissues 455-457 Its concentration is high in excitable tissues, and it may be a neurotransmitter (Chapter 30). Taurine may have a special function in retinal photoreceptor cells. It is an essential dietary amino acid for cats, who may die of heart failure in its absence,458 and under some conditions for humans.459 In many marine invertebrates, teleosts, and amphibians taurine serves as a regulator of osmotic pressure, its concentration decreasing in fresh water and increasing in salt water. A similar role has been suggested for taurine in mammalian hearts. A chronically low concentration of Na+ leads to increased taurine.460 Taurine can be reduced to isethionic acid... 

Hydrolysate surrogate is comprised of 50.5 wt percent deionized water, 15.3 wt percent sodium salt of isethionic acid, 13.2 wt percent dimethyl methylphosphonate, 9.8 wt percent diethanolamine, 9.0 wt percent sodium hydroxide, and 2.2 wt percent isopropyl alcohol (Landry, 1999). 

Isethionic acid, hi 14 Isoamyl acetate, i80 Isoamyl alcohol, ml55 seolsoamyl alcohol, ml 56 Isoamyl bromide, b305 Isoamyl iodide, i42 Isoamyl nitrite, i81... 

Several studies now point to the importance of carbohydrates as settlement cues. Many species of coral larvae that settle on crustose coralline algae metamorphose in response to an algal cell wall polysaccharide.17132 The sacoglossan Alderia modesta metamorphoses in response to carbohydrates of different size classes from its algal food Vaucheria longicaulis.144 The sea urchin Holopneustes purpurascens metamorphoses in response to a complex of the sugar floridoside and isethionic acid from the red alga Delisea pule hr a.11 In this case, the combination of compounds was important because neither induced metamorphosis alone. 

Pentamidine isetionate salt may be produced by the reaction pentamidine base with isethionic acid. 

Iron monosulfate 1746 Isethionic acid sodium salt 3450... 

S]Isethionic acid in urine of human subjects as catabolite of... 

TA is converted to sulfoacetaldehyde 28 by the action of TA dehydrogenase84, and to isethionic acid 29 by certain bacteria85. Bacteria isolated from sewage mud are able to grow on TA as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. They convert TA to 28 with consequent liberation of sulfite and production of acetate86. 

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