ISEE-3 International

The era of space travel has provided astronomers with a valuable new tool for the study of comet structure, composition, and behavior. During the two-year period 1985-86, no fewer than six spacecraft made flybys of comets. The first of these was NASA s ISEE-3 (International Sun-Earth. Explorer 3), which after completing its primary mission of studying the Sun was targeted to pass through the tail of Comet Giacobini-Zinner in September of 1985. At that point, it was renamed the International Comet E q)lorer (ICE). ICE also observed Comet Halley from a distance of 17 million miles (28 million km) in March 1986. 

Freezing transitions have been examined in recent years by density functional methods [306-313]. Here we review the results [298] of a modification of the Ramakrishnan-Yussouff theory to the model fluid with Hamiltonian (Eq. (25)) a related study of phase transitions in a system of hard discs in two dimensions with Ising internal states which couple anti-ferromagnetically to their neighbors is shown in Ref. 304. First, a combined... 

Vit Vitanov, T., Popov, A. 28th Meeting of ISE (International Society of Electrochemistry),... 

Tamura N., Ohshita R., Fujimoto M., Fujitani S., Kamino M., Yonezu I. Study of some Li Alloy for Lithium Secondary Battery. Proceedings of Joint (ECS ISE) International Meeting 2001 2-7 September San Francisco, 2 Abstract No. 251, 2001. 

JefifreyA. if QQV) Advanced Engineering Mathematics ISE, International Edition, pp. 545— 622. Academic Press, New York. 

The parameters of the semi-infinite alloy Ising Hamiltonian are the configurationally independent part of the alloy internal energy Eq, the on-site energies the interatomic pair interactions and generally, interatomic interactions of higher order. 

International Energy Agency. (1999). The Evolving Renewable Energy Market. Paris OECD Publications. International Solar Energy Society (ISES) web site International Solar Energy Society. August 9, 2000 . 

In 1949, J. Bockris, P. Van Rysselberghe, M. Pourbaix, and others founded the Comite International de Thermodynamique et Cinetique Electrochimique (CITCE), which was subsequently transformed into the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE). At about the same time, the publication of two major English electrochemical journals was organized Electrochimica Acta and the Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 

A representative ISE is shown schematically in Fig. 1. The electrode consists of a membrane, an internal reference electrolyte of fixed activity, (ai)i , ai and an internal reference electrode. The ISE is immersed in sample solution that contains analyte of some activity, (ajXampie and into which an external reference electrode is also immersed. The potential measured by the pH/mV meter (Eoe,) is equal to the difference in potential between the internal (Eraf.int) and external (Eref.ext) reference electrodes, plus the membrane potential (E emb), plus the liquid junction potential... 

Neutral carriers are organic complexing agents which are capable of sequestering and transporting ionic species in a hydrophobic organic phase. The antibiotics, valino-mycin and nonactin were the first neutral carriers to be incorporated in an ISE These macrocyclic neutral carriers contain a polar internal cavity and an outer hydro-phobic shell. The excellent selectivity exhibited by valinomycin for potassium ions is... 

Accordingly, the standard potential of the ISE depends on the specific choice of the internal reference electrode (e.g. Ag-AgCl) and also that of the fixed A" concentration of the filling solution, so that simply... 

Neither the usual membrane ISEs nor the gas-sensing electrodes, in which their internal indicator electrode functions as a zero-current potentiometric half-cell, are under consideration here. 

Thomas V, Caudill R, Badwe D (1998) Marginal emission and variation across models life-cycle assessment of a television. Electronics and the Environment, 1998. ISEE-1998. Proceedings of the 1998 I.E. International Symposium on... 

V. P. Parkhutik, in Extended Abstracts, 5th International Symposium on the Passivity of Metals, ISE, Bombannes, 1983, p. 253. 

Electronic excitation of the chromophore is simulated by instantly switching the charges (and in some studies also the geometry) on the QM system to excited state (Sj) values. Most of the internal Stark effect (ISE) is expressed implicitly by the difference of the potentials at different atoms. 

Korovin N.V., Kleimenov B.V., Dyachkov E.V., Vohgova I.V. Aluminium-air batteries for portable devices.Ext Abstr. 1997 Joint. Intern. Meeting ES and ISE. Paris. 1997.P. 88. 

Clinical chemistry, particularly the determination of the biologically relevant electrolytes in physiological fluids, remains the key area of ISEs application [15], as billions of routine measurements with ISEs are performed each year all over the world [16], The concentration ranges for the most important physiological ions detectable in blood fluids with polymeric ISEs are shown in Table 4.1. Sensors for pH and for ionized calcium, potassium and sodium are approved by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) and implemented into commercially available clinical analyzers [17], Moreover, magnesium, lithium, and chloride ions are also widely detected by corresponding ISEs in blood liquids, urine, hemodialysis solutions, and elsewhere. Sensors for the determination of physiologically relevant polyions (heparin and protamine), dissolved carbon dioxide, phosphates, and other blood analytes, intensively studied over the years, are on their way to replace less reliable and/or awkward analytical procedures for blood analysis (see below). 

An inner filling solution and internal reference electrode are used in macro ISEs due to a very good stability of the potential at the inner membrane-solution interface in such a setup (see Fig. 4.4). However, the presence of a solution inside a sensor could be a serious limitation for development of microelectrodes and may be undesired for a variety of other reasons, including ionic fluxes in the membrane and limited temperature range of sensor operation. There are several requirements for such an inner contact. First of all, a reversible change of electricity carriers ions-electrons must take place at the membrane-substrate interface. The potential of the electrochemical reaction, ensuring this transfer, has to be constant, stable, and must not depend on the sample composition. At last, the substrate must not influence the membrane analytical performance. 

Fig. 18a.l. Schematic diagram of a potentiometric cell with an ion-selective electrode (ISE) as the indicator electrode. EM is the electrical potential of the sensing membrane and IFS the internal filling solution. 

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