Irritation reactivity

Boulet, L.P. 1988. Increases in airway responsiveness following acute exposure to respiratory irritants reactive airway dysfunction syndrome or occupational asthma Chest 94(3) 476-481. 

Table V compares the two laboratory investigations in terms of eye irritation. Here significant differences are observed. Toluene yields the highest eye-irritation reactivity in the Battelle chamber and the lowest in the SRI chamber. For MIBK and diacetone alcohol, both laboratories agree. The other rankings are not significant since the eye-irritation responses are so close to those obtained for air.

Elias PM, Cooper ER, Rorc A, Brown BE (1981) Percutaneous transport in relation to stratum corneum structure and lipid composition. J Invest Dermatol 75 297-301 Eisner P, Burg G (1993) Irritant reactivity is a better risk marker for nickel sensitization than atopy. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 73 214-216... 

Widmer J, Eisner P, Burg G (1994) Skin irritant reactivity following experimental cumulative irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 30 35-39... 

A number of individual factors for irritant dermatitis have been identified. Although occupational, irritant hand dermatitis is more frequent in females (Meding 1990), no sex difference of irritant reactivity could be established experimentally (Hogan et al. 1990). It is... 

Lammintausta K, Maibach HI, Wilson D (1987) Irritant reactivity in males and females. Contact Dermatitis 17 276-280 Lammintausta K, Maibach HI, Wilson D (1988) Mechanisms of subjective (sensory) irritation. Propensity to non-immuno-logic contact urticaria and objective irritation in stingers. Derm Beruf Umwelt 36 45-49... 

Schwarz T (1988) Die Bedeutung epidermaler Zytokine in der UV-induzierten Immunsuppression. Hautarzt 39 642-646 Tupker RA, Pinnagoda J, Coenraads PJ, Nater P (1990) Susceptibility to irritants role of barrier function, skin dryness and history of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 123 199-205 Widmer J, Eisner P, Burg G (1994) Skin irritant reactivity following experimental cumulative irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 30 35-39... 

Trimethylolpropane oxetane(TMPO), which is a non-mutagenic/non-skin irritant reactive diluent and enhances the performance of cycloaliphatic epoxides and improves reactivity ... 

There is a significant difference in the toxicological effects of saturated and unsaturated afiphatic aldehydes. As can be seen in Table 6, the presence of the double bond considerably enhances toxicity. The precautions for handling reactive unsaturated aldehydes such as acrolein, methacrolein [78-85-3] and crotonaldehyde should be the same as those for handling other highly active eye and pulmonary irritants, as, for example, phosgene. 

The threshold limit value (TLV) for cyclohexane is 300 ppm (1050 mg/m ). With prolonged exposure at 300 ppm and greater, cyclohexane may cause irritation to eyes, mucous membranes, and skin. At high concentrations, it is an anesthetic and narcosis may occur. Because of its relatively low chemical reactivity, toxicological research has not been concentrated on cyclohexane. 

In studies of the polymerization kinetics of triaUyl citrate [6299-73-6] the cyclization constant was found to be intermediate between that of diaUyl succinate and DAP (86). Copolymerization reactivity ratios with vinyl monomers have been reported (87). At 60°C with benzoyl peroxide as initiator, triaUyl citrate retards polymerization of styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl choloride, and vinyl acetate. Properties of polyfunctional aUyl esters are given in Table 7 some of these esters have sharp odors and cause skin irritation. 

Monomers such as aUyl methacrylate and diaUyl maleate have appUcations as cross-linking and branching agents selected especiaUy for the different reactivities of their double bonds (90) some physical properties are given in Table 8. These esters are colorless Uquids soluble in most organic Uquids but htde soluble in water DAM and DAF have pungent odors and are skin irritants. 

Health nd Safety Factors. Thionyl chloride is a reactive acid chloride which can cause severe bums to the skin and eyes and acute respiratory tract injury upon vapor inhalation. The hydrolysis products, ie, hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide, are beheved to be the primary irritants. Depending on the extent of inhalation exposure, symptoms can range from coughing to pulmonary edema (182). The LC q (rat, inhalation) is 500 ppm (1 h), the DOT label is Corrosive, Poison, and the OSHA PEL is 1 ppm (183). The safety aspects of lithium batteries (qv) containing thionyl chloride have been reviewed (184,185). 

Modified liquid epoxy resins liquid epoxy resins with added reactive diluents or solvents mild to moderate irritants moderate to strong sensitizers low volatility, exposure unlikely unless heated, sprayed, or spread over large unventilated surfaces low toxicity... 

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