Iron, specific energy

FeS is a low-cost material which can be used as a reactant for the positive electrode. The iron is used to immobilize the sulfur and lowering the solubility of sulfur in the electrolyte. The FeS electrode has a potential of 1.6 V versus lithium. Due to these modifications, the theoretical specific energy is reduced from 2600 Wh/kg for the Li/S battery to 458 Wh/kg for the LiAl/FeS battery, but the stability of cell operation increases and the cycle life also increases from 100 cycles to several hundred cycles (for example 700 cycles and 15.000 h). 

Figure 7-8. Iron reduction from Fc203 with CO in atmospheric-pressure thermal plasma. Energy cost of iron production as function of specific energy input (1) absolute quenching, (2) super-ideal quenching.

Chou, W.L., Wang, C.T., Chang, S.Y., 2009. Study of COD and turbidity removal from real oxide-CMP wastewater by iron electrocoagulation and the evaluation of specific energy consumption. J. Hazard. Mater. 168, 1200—1207. 

Nickel-iron Durable, rugged construction, long life, low specific energy Materials htmdling, stationary applications, railroad ctu ... 

The theoretical capacities and specific energy for the two batteries are given in Table 25.7. These values can be compared with those of other batteries listed in Table 1.2. The values for the zinc/iron oxide cells are higher than most of the other batteries with the exception of the lithium and air-breathing systems. 

Lithium/iron disulfide 1000 CeU 180 350 400 High specific energy and power/ high temperature... 

Another category of aqueous battery systems is the metal-air battery. These batteries are noted for their high specific energy as they utilize ambient air as the positive active material, and light metals, most commonly aluminum or zinc, as the negahve achve material. Except for the iron/air battery, on which earlier development work for EV applications has now been abandoned, metal-air batteries have either limited capability for recharge, as for zinc/ air, or they cannot be electrically recharged at all, as in the case of the aluminum/air system. 

Nickel-iron batteries have been used in various stationary and mobile applications for more than 70 y in the USA and Europe until the 1980s. Then, the iron-based batteries were largely supplanted by sealed lead-acid batteries. Because of their high specific energy, iron-air batteries again underwent active development for electric vehicles and military applications in the 1970s, but this was discontinued after 1984 (21). 

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