Iron and Manganese

By reference to the outline periodic table shown on p. (i) we see that the metals and non-metals occupy fairly distinct regions of the table. The metals can be further sub-divided into (a) soft metals, which are easily deformed and commonly used in moulding, for example, aluminium, lead, mercury, (b) the engineering metals, for example iron, manganese and chromium, many of which are transition elements, and (c) the light metals which have low densities and are found in Groups lA and IIA. 

The amount of iron and manganese in an alloy can be determined by precipitating the metals with 8-hydroxyquinoline, C9H7NO. After weighing the mixed precipitate, the precipitate is dissolved and the amount of 8-hydroxyquinoline determined by another method. In a typical analysis, a 127.3-mg sample of an alloy containing iron, manganese, and other metals was dissolved in acid and... 

Analogous reactions form sodiummethyldithiocarbamate [137-42-8] from methylamine, and disodiumethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) [142-59-6] from ethylenediamine. Iron, manganese, and 2iac salts can be prepared from the sodium salts heavy metals form characteristically colored compounds with dithio c arb amate s. 

At present, chlorine dioxide is primarily used as a bleaching chemical in the pulp and paper industry. It is also used in large amounts by the textile industry, as well as for the aching of flour, fats, oils, and waxes. In treating drinking water, chlorine dioxide is used in this country for taste and odor control, decolorization, disinfection, provision of residual disinfectant in water distribution systems, and oxidation of iron, manganese, and organics. The principal use of chlorine dioxide in the United States is for the removal of taste and odor caused by phenolic compounds in raw water supplies. 

All conventional phosphate coating processes are based on dilute phosphoric acid solutions of iron, manganese and zinc primary phosphates either separately or in combination. The free phosphoric acid in these solutions reacts with the iron surface undergoing treatment in the following manner ... 

Mention has been made of the necessity for controlling the acid ratio of phosphating baths, particularly those of iron, manganese and zinc operating... 

Raw water essentially should be free of suspended matter, natural organics, iron, manganese, and sulfur gases. Ideally, it should also be low in hardness, alkalinity, silica, and bacteria and have a pH level of approximately 7 to 8. 

A rich supply of manganese lies in nodules of ore that litter the ocean floors (Fig. 16.9). These nodules range in diameter from millimeters to meters and are lumps of the oxides of iron, manganese, and other elements. However, because this source is technically difficult to exploit, manganese is currently obtained by the thermite process from pyrolusite, a mineral form of manganese dioxide ... 

A few of the transition metals, including gold, platinum, and iridium, are found in nature as pure elements, but most of the others are found associated with either sulfur or oxygen. Iron, manganese, and the metals of Groups 3 to 6 (except for Mo) are most often found as oxides less often, they occur as sulfates or carbonates. Molybdenum and the metals of Groups 7 to 12 (e.xcept forMn and Fe) are most often found as sulfides. 

WITH IRON, MANGANESE, AND ALUMINUM OXIDES IN SOILS... 

Lindsay W.L., Norvell W.A. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1978 42 421 128. 

These reports sparked off an extensive study of metalloporphyrin-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation, and various optically active porphyrin ligands have been synthesized. Although porphyrin ligands can make complexes with many metal ions, mainly iron, manganese, and ruthenium complexes have been examined as the epoxidation catalysts. These chiral metallopor-phyrins are classified into four groups, on the basis of the shape and the location of the chiral auxiliary. Class 1 are C2-symmetric metalloporphyrins bearing the chiral auxiliary at the... 

A graphite furnace procedure has been described [674] for the direct determination of iron, chromium, and manganese in seawater and estuarine waters in which the interference normally associated with the presence of sodium chloride is eliminated. The technique requires only very small sample volumes (10-20 il) for the atomisation stage. The reproducility of the method was very good. Sensitivities of 0.4,0.2, and 0.07 xg/l and precisions of determination of 4.5,3, and 11% (at 2 xg/l level) were obtained for iron, manganese, and zinc. 

Bagatto, G. and M. Alikhan. 1987. Zinc, iron, manganese, and magnesium accumulated in crayfish populations near copper-nickel smelters at Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicology 38 1076-1081. 

Gooneratne, S.R. and D.A. Christensen. 1989. A survey of maternal and fetal tissue zinc, iron, manganese and selenium concentrations in bovine. Canad. Jour. Anim. Sci. 69 151-159. 

Dissolved arsenic is correlated with ammonia (Fig. 4), consistent with a release mechanism associated with the oxidation of organic carbon. Other chemical data not shown here provide clear evidence of iron, manganese and sulfate reduction and abundant methane in some samples indicates that methanogenesis is also occurring. It is not clear however if arsenic is released primarily by a desorption process associated with reduction of sorbed arsenic or by release after the reductive dissolution of the iron oxide sorbent. Phreeqc analysis shows PC02 between 10"12 and 10"° bars and that high arsenic waters are supersaturated with both siderite and vivianite. 

Sutter B, Taylor RE, Hossner LR, Ming DW. Solid state 31phosporous nuclear magnetic resonance of iron-, manganese-, and copper-containing synthetic hydroxyapatites. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. I. 2002 66 455 463. 

Narang, K. K. et al., Synth. React, lnorg. Met.-Org. Chem., 1996, 26(4), 573 The explosive properties of a series of 5 amminecobalt(III) azides were examined in detail. Compounds were hexaamminecobalt triazide, pentaammineazidocobalt diazide, cis- and fram-tetraamminediazidocobalt azide, triamminecobalt triazide [1], A variety of hydrazine complexed azides and chloroazides of divalent metals have been prepared. Those of iron, manganese and copper could not be isolated cobalt, nickel, cadmium and zinc gave products stable at room temperature but more or less explosive on heating [2],... 

Lovley DR. 1995. Microbial reduction of iron, manganese, and other metals. Adv Agr 54 175-231. 

As shown in Table 11.1, hydrothermal emissions are a major source of soluble iron, manganese, and zinc and a minor source of aluminum, cobalt, copper, and lead. Other elements with significant hydrothermal inputs include lithium, rubidium, cesium, and potassium. Considerable uncertainty also surroimds these flux estimates because they are the result of extrapolations from measurements made at a small number of hydrothermal systems at single points in time. These fluxes appear to vary significantly over short time scales as tectonic activity abruptly opens and closes cracks in the oceanic crust. 

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