Iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria

Muir, M. D. Microenvironments of some modern and fossil iron- and manganese-oxidizing bacteria, in Environmental biogeochemistry and geomicrobiology 3 (ed. Krumbein, W. E.) p. 937, Ann Arbor Mich Ann Arbor Publishers Sci. 1978... 

Ehrlich, H. L., Ingle, J. L. Salerno, J. C. (1991). Iron and manganese oxidizing bacteria. In Variations in Autotrophic Life, ed. J. M. Shively L. L. Barton. London Academic Press, pp. 147-70. 

It has been observed that organic particles settling through the hypolimnion of lakes become enriched with phosphorus (Gachter and Mares, 1985). The mechanism by which this occurs is still not completely clear, but seems to be related to adsorption of phosphate to mineral surfaces produced by iron-and manganese-oxidizing bacteria (Hupfer... 

Metal cycles Iron and manganese oxidation and reduction Iron bacteria and manganese bacteria... 

Manganese (oxy)(hydr)oxide sorbents and manganese-oxidizing bacteria Permeable reactive barriers with lime, iron oxides, and limestone Siderite (coprecipitation and possibly sorption)... 

Depending on the velocity of fluid flow, the thickness varies from 10 to 100 pm, and it may cover from less than 20% to more than 90% of the metal surface. Biofilms or macrofouling in seawater can cause redox reactions that initiate or accelerate corrosion. Biofilms accumulate ions, manganese and iron, in concentrations far above those in the surrounding bulk water. They can also act as a diffusion barrier. Finally, some bacteria are capable of being directly involved in the oxidation or reduction of metal ions, particularly iron and manganese. Such bacteria can shift the chemical equilibrium between Fe, Fe2+, and Fe3+, which often influences the corrosion rate. (Dexter)5... 

Several heterotrophic iron- and manganese-reducing bacteria are known to effectively utilize organic acids as electron donors, while reducing Fe(lll) and Mn(lV). The following examples are for complete oxidation of acetate and formate ... 

The concentration of mercury in uncontaminated soils ranges from 0.02 to 0.2 mg/kg. The main forms of mercury in neutral and alkaline soils are the slightly soluble oxide (HgO) and carbonate (HgCOj). Sulfur bacteria produce almost insoluble sulfide (HgS). Most of the remaining forms of mercury are adsorbed on organic matter, hydrated iron and manganese oxides and clay minerals. Owing to the low mobility of mercury in the sod, only small amounts of mercury pass from the soil to plants. 

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