Iron columns

Cast-iron column shells are satisfactory, but stainless-steel bubble or valve trays are preferred. A flow sheet of a typical tar acid extraction and refining plant is shown in Figure 3. 

G.K (1999) Biogeochemical dynamics in zero-valent iron columns Implications for permeable reactive barriers. Environ. Sd. Tedm. 33 21709-2177 Gu, X.Y. Hsu, P.H. (1987) Hydrolytic formation of submicron iron(III) oxides from diluted ferric nitrate solutions. Soil Sd. Soc. Am. J. 51 469-474... 

Mackenzie PD, Horney DP, Sivavec TM. Mineral precipitation and porosity losses in granular iron columns. J Hazard Mater 1999 68 1-17. 

Gu B, Phelps TJ, Liang L, Dickey MJ, Roh Y, Kinsall BL, Palumbo AV, Jacobs GK. Biogeochemical dynamics in zero-valent iron columns implications for permeable reactive barriers. Environ Sci Technol 1999 33 2170 2177. 

During the Gupta Dynasty (320—480 A.D.) the production of iron in India achieved a remarkable degree of sophistication as attested by the Dhar Pillar, a seven-tonne, one-piece iron column made in the fourth century A.D. This implies that the production of metallic iron from the ores was a well-established process, and the people involved at that time were aware of the reverse reaction involving the oxidation of iron to produce the oxide (the familiar rusting of iron). 

In Ha-mm-urabrs Babylon iron was the next most expensive element after silver two shekels of silver cost eight of iron and 120-140 shekels of copper. Hie iron column near Delhi is more than 1500 years old, is 7.66 m in height and weighs 6 t. It consists of 99.72 % pure iron (as well as traces of C, Mn, S and P) and has retained its purity throughout the centuries. And it is symbolic that the Atomiiim built in Brussels la 1958 consists of nine iron spheres which represent the cubic body-centered lattice structure of the stable modification a-iron. 

Mackenzie, R D. Homey, D. R Sivavec, T. M. (1999) Mineral Precipitation and Porosity Losses in Granular Iron Columns. J. Hazardous Materials 68, 1-17. 

Metallocenes, in a broad sense, have the composition [MCp2] and are known for all the transition metals and many main-group and rare-earth metals. The sandwich structure is reserved to the first row of transition metals from Ti to Ni and for the iron column for which the 18-electron rule brings a special robustness. It is also known for a few others metals including main-group ones. 

An essential characteristic of ferrocene chemistry is the stabilization of ferrocenyl carbonium ions. These carbocations are mesomers of the corresponding hexahapto fulvene complexes [FeCp(r -fulvene)]+. They are even more stable than the trityl cation PhsC". The stabilization of the a-ferrocenyl carbonium ions explains the acetolysis of vinylferrocene, the hydrolysis of the acetate formed, the ease of nucleophilic substitution in a position, and the OH" abstraction from the a-ferrocenyl alcohols. This stabilization is still enhanced by going down in the iron column of the periodic table, because the size of the d orbital increases, which facilitates their insertion with the carbocation and accelerates the solvolysis of acetates (Os > Ru > Fe). 

ABSTRACT The reliability methods provided in ISO 13822 are applied for the reliability assessment of heritage structures. For practical application, the actual characteristics of existing materials are needed. The material properties can be updated using material tests of inspected structures. The behaviour of an existing structure and the previous load history should be considered when deciding about its further use and rehabilitation. As it is shown, the probabilistic methods may be effectively applied for reliability verifications and decisions about the intervention of cast-iron columns in an industrial heritage building. 

The building made of fired solid bricks consists of three timber floors supported by cast-iron columns with ornamental heads (Fig. 2) carrying timber beams and timber floors. The wood was in some parts attacked by insects or dry rot. 

It should be noted that the cast-iron columns were used in various industrial and public buildings erected in the Czech Republic during the 19th and early 20th centuries. 

Visual inspection revealed that the masonry structures and cast-iron columns were without... 

The actual thickness of all the columns varied along their height and was surprisingly reduced in all the columns on the second floor. It should be noted that it was very difficult to obtain reliable information about the actual external and internal geometrical imperfections of the cast-iron columns. 

The results of the probabilistic analysis of a cast-iron columns indicate that when a reinforced concrete slab is applied and material properties of columns updated by testing are considered then the reliability index P is around y 3.5 which is a little lower than the target value indicated in ISO 13822 (2010) for common types of structures in the consequence class CC2. In case the material properties recommended in the CSN 73 0038 (2014) need to be considered then the resulting reliability is very low(j8= 1.5 only). 

In case a lightweight composite timber concrete slab is applied in building rehabilitation then the reliability index = 4 is determined for updated material properties, while P = 2.4 is determined only in case that the default material characteristics recommended for cast-iron columns in CSN 73 0038 (2014) are considered. 

It appears that it is unnecessary to strengthen the cast-iron columns in case the updated material properties of the column are considered. However, when material property given inCSN730038(2014) is used in the analysis and no further information is known then the reliability of the columns is rather low and the columns should be strengthened. 

Various uncertainties may exist about the real material properties and geometric imperfections of the cast-iron columns of the industrial heritage building. However, there is a clear evidence that the heritage structure of the spinning factory withstood for more than one hundred years considerably greater imposed loads than presently required for residential purposes. 

It is shown that the previous long-term satisfactory performance of the existing cast-iron columns could also be taken into account. 

Heyde S. Geisler K., 2007. Strength of concrete filled historic cast-iron columns. 

Rondal, J. Rasmussen, K.J.R. 2004. On the strength of cast iron columns. Journal of Constructional steel research. 

Swades T. Fernandes de Retana EA. 2004. The strength of cast iron columns and the research work of Eaton Hodkinson, The Structural Engineering. 

The uncommon depth of the girders and trusses— roughly three feet— added to the grace of the Crystal Palace when a visitor looked down one of the long avenues. And in Paxton s usual custom, this aesthetic feature served a structural purpose as well attaching the trusses and girders to the supporting iron columns not only at the top but also at their relatively deep bottom pro-... 

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