Ionomeric polymers

The solubility parameters of insoluble polymers are often determined by swelling the polymer in a series of solvents with different solubility parameter values. Maximum swelling of the polymer then occurs in those solvents whose solubility parameters are closest to that of the polymer. It is interesting to note that swelling data for Nafion, when interpreted in this way. Indicate the presence of two solubility maxima that is, this ionomeric polymer acts as if it had two different solubility parameters (21). This seems reasonable for a polymer that is composed of two different phases neither solubility maximum, however, is very close to the solubility parameter of water. 

The earliest commercial membranes tested for use in chlor-alkali cells were composed of ionomeric polymers having hydrocarbon backbones with attached carboxyl and sulfonate functional groups such as the polystyrene sulfonic or carboxylate materials, (46), (47), (48), (49). 

Kim MW, Peiffer DG. Polyelectrolyte properties of ionomeric polymers. Eu-rophys Lett 1988 5 321-326. 

Soon after, DuPont developed the Nation series of ionomeric polymer... 

Initial research into the application of PMEs focused on their potential use in electrocatalysis. Much of this work centered on preformed redox polymers containing coordinated electroactive metal complexes because of the synthetic flexibility and the ability to control loading of the electrocatalytic center in the modifying layer. Electrostatic binding of electroactive ions into ionomeric polymer films is a convenient procedure for preparing electrocatalytic layers, although care must be taken to minimize leaching of the electroactive center. ... 

Triallylcyanurate comonomer, high temp, plastics Hydroxyethyl-s-triazine comonomer, high-performance resin m-Phenylenedimaleimide comonomer, hydrophobic acrylics N-t-Octylacrylamide comonomer, ionomeric polymers Sodium vinyl sulfonate comonomer, melamine-formaldehyde resins Guanidine carbonate comonomer, monomer polymerization 4-Vinylcyclohexene comonomer, nitrile rubber m-Divinylbenzene Vinylidene chloride monomer... 

Ethylene/zinc acrylate copolymer ionomeric polymer comonomer Sodium vinyl sulfonate ionomeric resins, food-contact Vinyl acetate... 

Carboxylated nitrile rubber Zn ionomer (90-50)/EAA Zn ionomer (10-50) Physical properties vs. blends of non-ionomeric polymers/FTIR/DMA/also use of recycle Antony et al. 2000... 

An interesting method to improve the S-PEEK performances is to prepare physically cross-linked membranes by blending ionomeric polymers with different mechanical properties. The blending technique makes the advantage of combining the positive features of each component with a very simple procedure. Better electrochemical characteristics are... 

There is no single method for synthesizing polymers targeted for gas sensors. Most polymers, except ionomeric polymers, can be synthesized using standard methods of polymerization, both conventional and specific routes, including the polycondensation process and metal-catalyzed polymerization techniques. Thus, polymers may be synthesized by any of the following techniques ... 

Further, non-ionomeric polymers can absorb an electrolyte, e.g., phosphoric acid H3PO4, which then renders ion conducting. This concept is realized in the so-called HT-PEFC, high temperature PEFC (ca. 100-200 °C), where a polybenzimidazole film imbibed with phosphoric acid becomes proton conducting due to the mechanism described above for nmi-aqueous phosphoric acid (see this book. Chapter Benicewicz). 

The following sections describe selected applications of various methodologies involving combined use of the multidimensional NMR experiments described in section 24.2. The sections are divided based on the major classes of fluoropolymers which have commercial and/or scientific significance. These include PVDFs, perflu-orinated polyethers, poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene)s, fluorinated ionomeric polymers, and PTFEs. The applications serve as examples of how multidimensional NMR experiments can be combined to solve stmcture problems in each of these fluoropolymer classes. 

Levitsky, I. A., Kanelos, P. and Euler, W. B. (2004) Electromechanical actuation of composite material from carbon nanotubes and ionomeric polymer, J. Chem. Phys, 121,1058-165. 

Vrmder V, Itik M, Poldsalu I et al (2014) Inversion based control of iorric polymer netal composite actuators with nanopororrs carbon based electrodes. Smart Mater Struct 23 025010 Walhnersperger T, Leo DJ, Kothera CS (2007) Transport modeling in ionomeric polymer transducers and its relationship to electromechanical coupling. J Appl Phys 101 024912... 

Anton M, Aabloo A, Punning A, Kruusmaa M (2008) A mechanical model of a non-uniform ionomeric polymer metal eomposite actuator. Smart Mater Struct 17(2) 25001-25004 Asaka K, Oguro K (2009) Active microcatheter and biomedical soft devices based on IPMC actuators. In Carpi F, Smela E (eds) Biomedical applications of electroactive polymer actuators. 

Punning A, lohanson U, Anton M, Aabloo A, Kmusmaa M (2009) A distributed model of ionomeric polymer metal composite. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 20(14) 1711-1724... 

SentryGlas Plus, with an ionomeric polymer interlayer for higher impact... 

Strength (McDonald et al. 2004). This result is a little bit surprising, as calorimetry data suggest that most of the water in the membrane remains in an unfrozen state at these temperatures, as will be examined in a subsequent section. The detailed characterization of the durability of Nafion and other ionomeric polymers under fuel cell conditions, namely, in a high relative humidity atmosphere and under compressive load, during freeze/thaw cycling is still lacking. 

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