Ionizing radiation standards

Measurement of ionizing radiation. Standard survey meters are of two types Geiger counters and ionization chambers. To accurately measure radiation, they must be calibrated by a known... 

Ionizing radiation measuring instruments containing, for purposes of internal calibration or standardization, one or more sources of byproduct material—exempt quantities of 241 Am 0.05 pCi NRC 2001 g 10CFR30.15(a)(9)... 

Roentgen (R)—A unit of exposure (in air) to ionizing radiation. It is the amount of x or gamma rays required to produce ions carrying 1 electrostatic unit of electrical charge in 1 cubic centimeter of dry air under standard conditions. Named after William Roentgen, a German scientist who discovered x rays in 1895. 

A variety of units have been used for the assessment of exposures to ionizing radiation. The current international standard terminology is shown in Table 32.3. This chapter uses the new terminology exclusively this frequently necessitated data transformation of units from early published accounts into the currently accepted international terminology. 

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 1992. Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Plants and Animals at Levels Implied by Current Radiation Protection Standards. Technical Reports Series No. 332. IAEA, Vienna, Austria. 74 pp. 

McCormick, J.F. 1969. Effects of ionizing radiation on a pine forest. Pages 78-87 in D.J. Nelson and F.C. Evans (eds.). Symposium on Radioecology. Proceedings of the Second National Symposium. Available as CONF-670503 from The Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Natl. Bur. Standards, Springfield, VA 22151. 

Zach, R., J.L. Hawkins, and S.C. Sheppard. 1993. Effects of ionizing radiation on breeding swallows at current radiation protection standards. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12 779-786. 

IAEA, International Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources, Safety Series 115, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1996. 

The study was performed in patients exposed to ionizing radiation after Chernobyl accident. Comparison groups included patients and healthy individuals exposed to the natural radiation levels. Control group included healthy volunteers who resided in Kyiv since Chernobyl accident Distribution by diagnosis is presented at table 1. Investigated persons were at the age of 43-72 (mean+SD for the exposed group 52,3 + 10,1 yrs for control group- 46,3 + 11,3 yrs). All studied persons participated by informed consent. Peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were obtained by a standard procedure (National. Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1991). Flow... 

A ratio that assesses the biological effectiveness of absorbed radiation doses with respect to different types and energies of ionizing radiation. It is equal to the absorbed dose of a particular radiation divided by the absorbed dose of a standard radiation required to produce identical biological effects in a given organ, tissue, or organism. 

Absorbed dose is a fundamental and basic physical quantity which can be used in all fields where ionizing radiations are used. It is directly related to the physical, chemical, and biological effects produced by the irradiation. The concept of absorbed dose thus has broad applications and is indeed widely used. Metrological institutions provide standards and calibration of instruments in terms of absorbed dose. 

CRCPD (1995). Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, Inc. Standards for Protection Against Radiation, Part D, Suggested State Regulations for Control of Radiation, Volume 1, Ionizing Radiation (Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors, Inc., Frankfort, Kentucky). 

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