Ionic Arrhenius plot

At temperatures above or near the eutectic temperature of the polymer phase, CSEi values are typically in the range of 0.1-2 pFcm-2 [5], However, for stiff CPEs or below this temperature, CSEI can be as low as 0.001 pFcm 2 (Fig. 16). When a CPE is cooled from 100 °C to 50 °C, the CSE1 falls by a factor of 2-3, and on reheating to 100 °C it returns to its previous value. This is an indication of void formation at the Li/CPE interface. As a result, the apparent energy of activation for ionic conduction in the SEI cannot be calculated from Arrhenius plots of 1// sei but rather from Arrhenius plots of 7SE)... 

The temperature dependence of the conductivity can be described by the classical Arrhenius equation a = a"cxp(-E7RT), where E is the activation energy for the conduction process. According to the Arrhenius equation the lna versus 1/T plot should be linear. However, in numerous ionic liquids a non-linearity of the Arrhenius plot has been reported in such a case the temperature dependence of the conductivity can be expressed by the Vogel-Tammann-Fuller (VTF) relationship a = a°cxp -B/(T-T0), ... 

Figure 6.5 Arrhenius plots of ln(

Figure 6.6 Arrhenius plots in crystals (a) almost pure crystals with low impurity concentrations (b) crystals with low-temperature defect clusters and (c) the ionic conductivity of Ce02 doped with 10 mol % Nd203, showing defect cluster behavior. [Part (c) adapted from data in I. E. L. Stephens and J. A. Kilner, Solid State Ionics, Y77, 669-676 (2006).]...

Figure 6.11 Arrhenius plots of the ionic conductivity of (3- and p"-alumina.

FIG U RE 1.4 Arrhenius plots for three Y203-Zr02 compositions showing different curvatures with increasing temperatures. (Data from Badwal, S.P.S., Solid State Ionics, 52, 23, 1992.)... 

Fig. 4.1 Arrhenius plots for ionic conductivity, (a) General behaviour for ionically conducting glasses. At room temperature, the most conductive (Li or Ag ) have the lowest activation energy. For the less conductive glasses (Cs or mixed alkali glasses) the activation energy is around 1 eV. (b) Experimental data for Li conducting glasses (Souquet and Kone, 1986).

However, unless a test for the theoretical predictions of the effect of ionic strength on AS and AH is required, it is simpler to use values of kobs extrapolated to zero ionic strength. If these are found at various temperatures, then an Arrhenius plot will give the corresponding ideal values of A S and A H, which are then suitable for comparison with those for other reactions. 

The Arrhenius plot of the viscosity of the ILs is not a straight line but a Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman (VFT) type curve. Since ionic conductivity is the inverse of the viscosity (Eq. (3.8)), it also obeys the VFT equation. 

Figure 5.3 depicts the Arrhenius plots of the apparent self-diffusion coefficient of the cation (Dcation) and anion (Oanion) for EMIBF4 and EMITFSI (Figure 5.3a) and for BPBF4 and BPTFSI (Figure 5.3b). The Arrhenius plots of the summation (Dcation + f anion) of the cationic and anionic diffusion coefficients are also shown in Figure 5.4. The fact that the temperature dependency of each set of the self-diffusion coefficients shows convex curved profiles implies that the ionic liquids of interest to us deviate from ideal Arrhenius behavior. Each result of the self-diffusion coefficient has therefore been fitted with VFT equation [6].

Viscosities of the ionic liquids at different temperature have been depicted in Figure 5.6 as Arrhenius plots. Resembling the self-diffusion behavior, the temperature dependence of viscosity follows the VFT equation ... 

When the temperature is changed, the Nyquist plot also changes, as shown in Figure 6.4 , due to the change in conductivity. Figure 6.4 shows the Nyquist plots for the ionic liquid prepared by the neutralization of l-benzyl-2-methylimidazole and HTFSI. The temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity is generally depicted by an Arrhenius plot (Figure 6Ab). 

Since most of ILs including polymer systems show upper convex curvature in the Arrhenius plot, and not a straight line, the temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity is expressed by Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman (VFT) equation [7] ... 

Figure 6.4 Temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity for BzElmHTFSI. (a) Nyquist plots for various temperatures (b) the corresponding Arrhenius plot.

Some neutralized amines are obtained as liquid. Analyses of their ionic conductivity results have provided some interesting. Figure 19.2 shows the Arrhenius plots of... 

Note that Tg s of neutralized amines in Table 19.2 are quite low—even below —80°C. Accordingly, these salts generally show high ionic conductivity. Some of the obtained salts show excellent ionic conductivity around 10 Scm at 25°C. Figure 19.2 provides the Arrhenius plots of ionic conductivity for these neutralized salts. The ionic conductivity of the salts of cases 1, 2, 3, 4, 13, and 21 is very high, which can be expected from their (and Tg, data not shown here). Among these... 

An amount of LiTFSl equimolar to the imidazolium cation unit was added to PI and P2 in order to study the effect of alkyl spacer on the ionic conductivity. Figure 30.3 shows Arrhenius plots of the ionic conductivity for the copolymers after addition of salt. Within the measured temperature regime, P2 with alkyl spacer had ionic conductivity one order higher than PI without spacer. There are two possible explanations. An increase in the length of the alkyl spacer causes an increase of free volume and maintains the high mobility of the IL domain. Although... 

Figure 31.2 Arrhenius plots of the ionic conductivity for IL monomers having EO spacer agA and their polymers. Open plots monomers closed plots polymers. 0,% TFSI A,A Cl. ...

Figure 31.5 Arrhenius plots o1 the ionic conductivity for various polycation-type ILs P(xg TFSI).

Figure 31.9 Arrhenius plots of the ionic conductivity for IL-type network polymers, (a) P(C6TFSi-CLf>J (b) P(CeTFSI-CLgy) (c) P(CeTFSI-CLhJ.

To investigate flie effect of the flexible spacer on the physical properties of the polyanion-type ILs, we synthesized polyanion-type ILs having a hydrocarbon or an EO spacer. Figure 31.10 shows the structure of the IL monomers having a flexible spacer between polymerizable group and anion. The effect of the HC spacer on the ionic conductivity of the poly anion-type ILs was analyzed. Figure 31.11 shows the Arrhenius plots of the ionic conductivity for EImVS. ElmCSS. and their... 

Equation (8.8) also shows that (a) a cc no 2, and (b) the apparent activation energy obtained from the slope of the Arrhenius plot of logo- against 1 jT is AW/2es. The square-root dependence of a on n0 and the occurrence of the factor Vz in the activation energy both stem from the control of the ionic dissociation equilibrium by the Law of Mass Action. 

Figure 4. Arrhenius plot of ionic conductivity of the high temperature phase.

Ac impedance measurements of the compound sintered at 700 °C were performed in air in the temperature range of 200-600 °C. The Arrhenius plots of the ionic conductivity are shown in Figure 4. The relationship between conductivity and the reciprocal of the absolute temperature is linear over the temperature range measured. 

Figure 7.1 Arrhenius plots for ionic conductivity. (1) Li2SO4 [2] (2) Agl [2] (3) LisN [22] (4) Na-p-alumina [23], Plots (1) and (2) produced with polycrystals plots (3) and (4) produced with single crystals conductivity perpendicular to the hexagonal axis.

Figure 12.9 Arrhenius plots of the ionic conductivity of selected electrolytes. The temperature ranges of utilization of interconnects materials are also indicated. For electrolyte thicknesses > ISOum, the cell can be supported by the ionic membrane.

DSC studies on the MEEP-PEO composite system clearly suggests a multiphase character in the composite with both amorphous MEEP-like and crystalline PEO-like phases being present. 7Li-NMR studies based on Ti measurements and line widths have been helpful in distinguishing lithium ions present in the crystalline and amorphous phases. Thus Li+ ion in a crystalline phase is associated with a longer Ti than that in an amorphous phase [207]. Further, it is expected that enhanced ionic mobility (Li+) in polymer electrolytes leads to a line narrowing in the 7Li NMR spectrum of the corresponding ion. Arrhenius plots of 7Li NMR... 

Potentiostat/Galvanostat, and a Buchi GKR-51 glass oven ( registered trade names). Table 1 lists the bulk resistance and ionic conductivity of PEGi6Mg(CI04)2lPN (30% wt. IPN) as a function of temperature an Arrhenius plot of the conductivity data is shown in Figure 1. 

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