Ion excitation

At 70—140°C, peroxide is vaporised. Peroxide vapor has been reported to rapidly inactivate pathogenic bacteria, yeast, and bacterial spores in very low concentrations (133). Experiments using peroxide vapor for space decontamination of rooms and biologic safety cabinets hold promise (134). The use of peroxide vapor and a plasma generated by radio frequency energy releasing free radicals, ions, excited atoms, and excited molecules in a sterilising chamber has been patented (135). 

Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis Glow discharge mass spectrometry Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy Ion (excited) Auger electron spectroscopy Ion beam spectrochemical analysis... 

Flames are also plasmas, characterized by electron densities of about 10 /cm and electron energies of about 0.5 eV. Many excited species are present in the flame, namely free radicals, ions, excited atoms and molecules, and electrons [43]. Excited species that have been observed include O, OH, NH, NO, and CH [44]. 

All intermediate species produced by the absorption of radiation (electrons, ions, excited states, free radicals, etc.) may be potentially useful for synthesis. However, the most frequently used intermediates are the free radicals. Their yield is high and relatively insensitive to temperature or state of aggregation (Wagner, 1969). 

In ab initio methods (which, by definiton, should not contain empirical parameters), the dynamic correlation energy must be recovered by a true extension of the (single configuration or small Cl) model. This can be done by using a very large basis of configurations, but there are more economical methods based on many-body perturbation theory which allow one to circumvent the expensive (and often impracticable) large variational Cl calculation. Due to their importance in calculations of polyene radical ion excited states, these will be briefly described in Section 4. 

Figure 1.13 The time-resolved emission spectrum of anhydrite (CaS04) at two different delay times. The scale on the emission intensity axis of (b) has been enlarged by a factor of 1000 in order to clearly observe the remaining luminescence of the Eu and ions. Excitation wavelength at 266 nm (reproduced with permission from Gaft et al., 2001).

The probability of a particular vertical transition from the neutral to a certain vibrational level of the ion is expressed by its Franck-Condon factor. The distribution of Franck-Condon factors, /pc, describes the distribution of vibrational states for an excited ion. [33] The larger ri compared to ro, the more probable will be the generation of ions excited even well above dissociation energy. Photoelectron spectroscopy allows for both the determination of adiabatic ionization energies and of Franck-Condon factors (Chap. 2.10.1). 

SWIFT) Ion Excitation in Trapped-Ion Mass Spectrometry Theory and Applications. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc. 1996,157/158, 5-37. 

The metal ion in conformer II of TPPEr(dpm) is shifted out of the porphyrin plane, as suggested by an increase in the Q(0,0) intensity and a comparable red shift of the Q and B bands, while that of conformer I is in the plane as TPPErOH in methanol/ethanol. However, the conformation change might be due to a change of coordination number by solvent coordination rather than the shift of the central metal ion. Excitation spectra of the emission of... 

Reactions of Low-Energy Electrons, Ions, Excited Atoms and Molecules, and Free Radicals in the Gas Phase as Studied by Pulse Radiolysis Methods... 

Advances in pulse radiolysis studies in the gas phase have been summarized in several review papers. In a comprehensive review by Sauer [4], a review presented by Firestone and Dorfman [5] in 1971 was referred to as the first review on gas-phase pulse radiolysis. Experimental techniques and results obtained were summarized by one of the present authors [6], with emphasis on an important contribution of pulse radiolysis to gas-phase reaction dynamics studies. Examples were chosen by Sauer [7] from the literature prior to 1981 to show the types of species that were investigated in the gas phase using pulse radiolysis technique. Armstrong [8] reviewed experimental data obtained from gas-phase pulse radiolysis together with those from ordinary steady-state radiolysis. Advances in gas-phase pulse radiolysis studies since 1981 were also briefly reviewed by Jonah et al. [9], with emphasis on an important contribution of this technique to free radical reaction studies. One of the present authors reviewed comprehensively the gas-phase collision dynamics studies of low-energy electrons, ions, excited atoms and molecules, and free radicals by means of pulse radiolysis method [1-3]. An important contribution of pulse radiolysis to electron attachment, recombination, and Penning collision studies was also reviewed in Refs. 10-15. 

Californla-Davis, using ion-excited X-ray fluorescence ( 3, ) Further details of the dally Nuclepore sampling and analysis procedures were given in an earlier publication (5 ). 

As we have already discussed in Section VIII, at the physical stage of radiolysis the primary active particles (ions, excited molecules, and electrons) are localized in separate microregions—in the track structures. The dimensions of track structures, the concentration of active particles in them, and the subsequent transformations of these particles depend on the density of the medium. 

At present little is known about the mechanism of plasma reactions, due to the complexity of the system 44 4S>. Electrons, positive and negative ions, excited species and radicals are all present in plasma in addition to the molecules of the starting materials and the products. 

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