Additional Areas of Investigation

The frame-truss structures allow uniaxial members to carry stresses in their preferred directions. Studies of reinforced plastic trussed-web girders showed that joints can reduce the strength of a composite member by over 50%. Additional areas of investigation are the interfaces between the bulkhead and strut and between the strut and bedrock. 

If the area of investigation needs to be reduced under the limit, given by the smallest available selected area diffraction apperture, nanodififaction can be used. A C2 apperture of 10pm will provide us with an approximate parallel illumination at a beam diameter down to 5nm and reduce the applied electron dose significantly. Because the majority of organic samples are beam sensitive investigations should be carried out under low-dose conditions. In addition to that cryo techniques should be applied if no phase... 

Progress in zeolite crystallization in the last several years has been mostly in the experimental realm and has resulted in several new synthetic zeolites and compositional variants of previously known structures. Theoretical advances have come more slowly but are significant. Until the elucidation of zeolite structures in the last decade or so, structural interpretation of crystallization phenomena was not possible. As additional physical and chemical techniques are applied to the complex structural chemistry of zeolite crystallization, our understanding of the mechanism increases, and the extent of empiricism in synthesis decreases. Areas of investigation still unexplored that should add considerable understanding... 

More recently, the reductive elimination of alkanes from Pt(IV) complexes has become an intense area of investigation as it represents the reverse of the C-H oxidative addition reaction that has been shown to be catalytic in the presence of the Pt(II)/Pt(fV) couple. ... 

Ciprofloxacin has produced tonic and clonic seizures in high doses in animal studies. In addition, areas of retinitis were noted on investigation of the effects of the drug to the eyes of rabbits however, this was not a consistent finding in all studies. Hypotensive episodes were found with rapid administration. 

The area of investigation comprised a groundwater system, which was presumably contaminated by emissions of a waste deposit landfill as the result of a leak discovered in the bottom sealing. Additionally, it was found that waste water was seeping down into the drainage water of an old lead/zinc mine situated below the deposit. Since 1999 technical measures were performed in order to diminish the resulting emissions. 

It is clear that laser desorption Fourier transform mass spectrometry has significant potential as a polymer analysis tool. It works especially well for polar polymers and additives witii molecular weights lower than 10000 Da. AAftth proper attention to analytical details, it is a highly accurate and quite specific way to characterize tiiese substances and can provide unrivaled mass resolution. As is obvious from this chapter, the application of LD-FTMS to polymer analytical problems is an active area of investigation in many laboratories. AAftth the continuing proliferation of commercial FTMS instruments, LD-FTMS applications of polymer analysis should be expected to expand for the foreseeable future. There is no question tiiat tiiis method provides a versatile alternative to tire numerous less specific analytical methods employed to date. 

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has great relevance in the area of investigation of molecular structures. Many studies using NMR spectroscopy and microscopy have been reported in elastomer based systems. Due to the possibihty of reuse of samples after the analysis (NMR is nondestructive) NMR attracts many material scientists to select this technique for characterization. In the case of polymers NMR is specifically useful in finding out the crosslink density. Since the crosslink density is related to the size of pores or cavities inside solid polymers, this method points towards the structural elucidation of polymers. From the parameters such as magnetic relaxation and the dipolar correlation effect obtained from the NMR spectrum, crosslink density can be calculated. In addition to the crosslink density, the behaviour of small particles inside the polymer matrices can also be... 

The phase boundaries and the kinetics of phase separation of polymer blends are very rich areas of investigation, with, additionally, important technological applications. 

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