Inventions utility

All of these inventions utilized natural materials at least as one ingredient. After years of work in his chemistry labs in Yonkers, New York, Leo Baekeland in 1907 announced in an American Chemical Society meeting the synthesis of the first truly synthetic polymeric material, later dubbed Bakelite. 

A preferred method for producing a composition comprising silver according to this invention utilizes a electrochemical cell comprising electrodes and comprises the steps... 

As hereinabove noted, the process of this invention utilizes as starting materials 5-substituted resorcinols and (-I-) and (-)-apoverbenone, which can be prepared according to the method of Grimshaw et al.,... 

Specifically, the present invention utilizes the active fissionable isotope of plutonium, preferably in the form of a sheet of a plutonium-aluminum alloy, or a plating of plutonium on an aluminum sheet. This active aluminum sheet, together with an adjacent quantity of thorium oxide, is sealed between two protecting plates, also preferably of aluminum, to form what may conveniently be termed a sandwich. A plurality of sandwiches are assembled in a tube, preferably of hexagonal shape, and... 

In broad terms, the present invention utilizes a liquid of high fissionable isotope concentration in a reaction zone of sufficient size and isotope density to support a chain reaction. While operating, the liquid is oscillated back and forth through the reaction zone by gas pressure, and cooled while outside of the reactor. 

The combination of target levels and design methodology is of vital importance. One of the main items in the INVENT program in Finland over the years 1991-1996 was the development and utilization of these concepts in the ventilation of industrial premises. Together, these two concepts form the basis for industrial ventilation systems. 

Utility Patents. Utility patents are granted to individuals only who have invented or discovered any new and useful method, process, machine, manufacture, or matter composition. These patents must be useful to society (have utility). A utility patent has a total time limit for exclusive use by the inventor of 17 years. 

Only the actual inventor may apply for a patent (utility, design, or plant patent). Once a patent has been obtained, the patent can be sold or mortgaged. Also, the owner of a patent may assign part or all interest in the patent to another individual or a company or other business entity. The owner of a patent may also grant licenses to others (either individuals or business entities) to make, use or sell the invention. 

In addition to each of the above patent s unique characteristic (i.e., utility, ornamental or original design, be a plant), an invention, in order to be granted a U.S. Patent, must demonstrate two additional characteristics 1 ) the invention must be novel and 2) the invention must not be obvious. The steps to pursue to obtain a patent are as follows ... 

In USA a patent is awarded to the person first producing an invention, not necessarily who first applied for a patent. The opposite policy prevails in the rest of the world with USA policy probably changing in order to achieve worldwide patent law harmonization. USA utility patents (machines, equipment, etc.) in the past where good for at least 17 years after date the patent was issued. As of 1995, the patent is good for 20 years after the date the patent is filed (prior to the date it is issued) that eliminated those who would file for a patent and let it drag out for many years prior to being issued when it would be needed for infringement, etc. 

In the enzyme design approach, as discussed in the first part of this chapter, one attempts to utilize the mechanistic understanding of chemical reactions and enzyme structure to create a new catalyst. This approach represents a largely academic research field aiming at fundamental understanding of biocatalysis. Indeed, the invention of functional artificial enzymes can be considered to be the ultimate test for any theory on enzyme mechanisms. Most artificial enzymes, to date, do not fulfill the conditions of catalytic efficiency and price per unit necessary for industrial applications. 

The fuel eell is a nineteenth eentuiy invention in the twentieth eentury it heeame the heart of an eleetroehemical power plant and power souree, whieh is now in a stage of advaneed technology development. Its first and only applieation since the early 1960s, has been as an auxiliary power souree for spaee flights by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). During the past decade, development for terrestrial (eivihan and defense) applieations has led to its commercialization and research on utilization in a variety of applications. Programs in the United States, Japan, Europe, and some other eoimtries are focused on the development of fuel cell power plant/power sources for (1) base-load,... 

---