Invasion quantitation

MRI has been used as a non-invasive quantitative visualization technique to investigate a class of complex Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille (TCP) flows, which constitute a prototype of many mixing or fractionation processes. Here we focused on the vicinity of the Stationary Helical Vortex (SHV) regime characterized by a... 

Tracheal aspirates grow more organisms than invasive quantitative cultures and often result in overuse of antibiotics. 

C. Eliasson, N.A. Macleod, L.C. Jayes, F.C. Clarke, S.V. Hammond, M.R. Smith, and P. Matousek, Non-invasive quantitative assessment of the content of pharmaceutical capsules using hansmission Raman spectroscopy, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 47, 221-229 (2008). 

M. Kim, H. Chung, Y. Woo and M.S. Kemper, A new non-invasive, quantitative Raman technique for the determination of an active ingredient in pharmaceutical liquids by direct measurement through a plastic bottle. Anal. Chim. Acta, 587, 200-207 (2007). 

Beckmann, N., Gentsch, C., Baumann, D., et al Non-invasive, quantitative assessment of the anatomical phenotype of corticotropin-releasing factor-overexpressing mice by MRL NAIR Biomed. 14, 210-216, 2001. 

What constitutes an advance in any field will always be subjective. However, the combination of the inherent ability of MR methods to probe the internal structure and transport processes from the A- to cm-scale phenomena non-invasively, quantitatively and with chemical resolution, and with the ability to acquire these data sufficiently fast so that unsteady state processes can be studied is undoubtedly going to open up new avenues of research and allow us to investigate many phenomena for the first time. This section summarises five recent developments in the field of MR in chemical engineering. The first four sub-sections (Sections III.A-III.D) report developments of fast MR measurement pulse sequences, which have recently been implemented for application in chemical engineering research. The final sub-section (Section III.E) addresses a new and different field of research, that of gas-phase imaging. 

Cost-effective, non-invasive, quantitative and simultaneous determination of low level Tlnuvin 770 (0.05 to 0.4 wt.%) and Irganox 225 (0.1 to 0.45 wt.%) contents in PP pellets by NIRS in diffuse reflection mode using MLWR and PLS spectroscopic models has been reported [287]. Seven samples were used for calibration and two for validation. Spectral bands attributable to Tinuvin 770 and Irganox 225 appear at 1560 nm and 1390 nm, respectively. For Tinuvin 770 a two factor PLS model from 1500 to 1600 nm was developed for Irganox 225 a four factor PLS model in the 1360 to 1460 nm region. A quotient-term multiple linear least-squares spectroscopic model was derived that characterises analyte concentration and corrects for spectroscopic differences within the matrix due to the extruder/pelletisers. Reported standard deviations of ca. 25 ppm for Tinuvin 770 and ca. 80 ppm for Irganox 225, or relative standard errors of 0.01 wt.% for Tinuvin 770 and 0.03 wt.% for Irganox 225, approach the accuracy of the reference analytical method. 

In plant maintenance, the availability of quantitative and non-invasive screening NDT methods will reduce the time needed for shutdowns and increase the intervals between them. Modem NDT methods will become just as important a tool for Risk Based Inspection approaches and maintenance planning as operational parameters and degradation mechanisms already are. 

Circular dicliroism has been a useful servant to tire biophysical chemist since it allows tire non-invasive detennination of secondary stmcture (a-helices and P-sheets) in dissolved biopolymers. Due to tire dissymmetry of tliese stmctures (containing chiral centres) tliey are biaxial and show circular birefringence. Circular dicliroism is tlie Kramers-Kronig transfonnation of tlie resulting optical rotatory dispersion. The spectral window useful for distinguishing between a-helices and so on lies in tlie region 200-250 nm and hence is masked by certain salts. The metliod as usually applied is only semi-quantitative, since tlie measured optical rotations also depend on tlie exact amino acid sequence. 

Using the wiper log, we have invasion but it can not be determined quantitatively. 

The charts mentioned in the section titled Measuring While Tripping Wiper Logs can be used to estimate quantitatively the permeability if several measurements during tripping are made with resistivity devices that can give the invasion diameter. 

Commensal or environmental fungi that are typically harmless can become invasive mycoses when the host immune defenses are impaired. Host immune suppression and risk for opportunistic mycoses can be broadly classified into three categories (1) quantitative or qualitative deficits in neutrophil function, (2) deficits in cell-mediated immunity, and (3) disruption of mechanical/and or microbiologic barriers. 

R. C., et al., Quantitative, non-invasive assessment of antidiarrheal actions of codeine using an experi-mental model of diarrhea in man, Dig. Dis. Sci. 1993, 38, 996-1003. 

M. Miwa, Y. Ueda, and B. Chance. Development of time-resolved spectroscopy system for quantitative non-invasive tissue measurement. SPIE, 2389 142-149, 1995. 

For the quantitative description of the metabolic state of a cell, and likewise which is of particular interest within this review as input for metabolic models, experimental information about the level of metabolites is pivotal. Over the last decades, a variety of experimental methods for metabolite quantification have been developed, each with specific scopes and limits. While some methods aim at an exact quantification of single metabolites, other methods aim to capture relative levels of as many metabolites as possible. However, before providing an overview about the different methods for metabolite measurements, it is essential to recall that the time scales of metabolism are very fast Accordingly, for invasive methods samples have to be taken quickly and metabolism has to be stopped, usually by quick-freezing, for example, in liquid nitrogen. Subsequently, all further processing has to be performed in a way that prevents enzymatic reactions to proceed, either by separating enzymes and metabolites or by suspension in a nonpolar solvent. 

Determining the kinetics and mechanisms of intercalation reactions is not trivial. Quenching studies (in which an aliquot of the reaction suspension is removed and the sohd product recovered through filtration) have frequently proved to be unreliable. The material isolated is often atypical of the reaction matrix as a whole, having been affected by the quenching process. Therefore, it is desirable to use a non-invasive probe to observe the reaction in situ, in real time. This allows the extraction of both qualitative and quantitative information on the kinetics of a process and the exact steps lying on the reaction pathway. A variety of techniques have previously been applied to monitor re-... 

We and others have based invasion assays on preformed tumor spheroids generated either in hanging drops (88) or other nonadherent systems (61). These are then transferred to matrix monolayers or embedded in Matrigel and can be analyzed qualitatively or quantitatively, usually by microscopy and image analysis (see also Chapter 16). A96- or 1,536-well spheroid-based... 

D collagen invasion 3-D from 2-D Reliable and quantitative assessment of invasion (whole tumor ceU population) addition of different ECM proteins possible Laborious, multiple sections and staining required prior to quantification, low throughput in 8-well plates (29)... 

MaUakal JC (2002) Quantitative high throughput endotheUal ceU migration and invasion assay system. Methods Enzymol 352 175-182... 

Nystrom ML, Thomas GJ, Stone M et al (2005) Development of a quantitative method to analyse tumour cell invasion in organotypic culture. J Pathol 205 468-475... 

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