Inulin chicory root

The catalyzed telomerization of butadiene has been applied to other polysaccharides such as inulin (22) (Fig. 20) which is a polyfructose extracted from Jerusalem artichokes (tuber) or from chicory (roots). This soluble polymer is easily telomerized under mild conditions and the degree of substimtion is also dependent on the reaction conditions [20] (Fig. 20). 

Fructose syrup. In addition to the glucose/fructose syrups mentioned above, a fructose syrup has been produced using inulin as a source. Inulin is the fructose analogue of starch, and the chicory root is the standard source for commercial hydrolysis. Fructose syrups are usually too expensive for routine use in beverage production but they have been employed where a particular claim is to be made for fructose. They have also been used for the adulteration of fruit juices as they are chemically difficult to detect. Detection is possible at the sub-molecular level by techniques such as stable isotope ratio measurement. Fructose is also manufactured using sucrose as a starting material. 

Berghofer, E., Cramer, A., and Schiesser E., Chemical modification of chicory root inulin, in Inulin and Inulin-Containing Crops, Fuchs, A., Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 135-142. 

An example looking at a new application of inulin (Figure 14-2). Inulin is a polysaccharide obtained from chicory roots. It is a foodstuff with the interesting properties sweet, nonfattening and healthy. Although it sells well in the food industry, the company is looking for other markets. The question to be answered by a team of three students is could we use inulin as a filler-binder for pharmaceutical tablets ... 

Inulin" Raftiline, Raftincreaming From chicory roots... 

In order to demonstrate that scale-up can be successfully performed from lab to commercial scale, we performed the atomization of inulin (a polysaccharide extracted from chicory root) from NMP solutions (300 g/L) by antisolvent with supercritical CO2 (20 MPa, 40 °C) After the first test a lab scale (XO.l), we prepared samples in three plants 2 g in XI, 20 g in XIO, and 200 g in XlOO (80). As shown in Figure 11, the particle size distributions (by volume) are strictly the same at the three scales in the range for which we want to obtain a nondusty powder. Moreover, this work permits us to show that the fluid/substance ratio ( 50 kg/kg) can be optimized at a much lower value than generally stated in most publications (500-10,000). Extended work is now ongoing on therapeutic molecules and for smaller-sized particles on a large scale. 

Fmctose (10 g 4) is a relatively harmless sugar for diabetics. In order to obtain it from sucrose, the latter is first inverted by HCl. Sucrose is thereby split into two fmctose molecules. Concentration and crystallization processes are then similar to those described for D-glucose. There is also a polyfmctanoside called inulin that occurs in chicory roots, but its isolation is difficult. 

Prebiotics are obtained either by extraction from the plants, such as inulin from chicory roots by enzymatic hydrolysis of plant polysaccharides, such as XOS or by transgalactosylation reactions catalyzed by an enzyme, such as GOS and FOS. 

FOS mixtures are commercialized with a purity level above 95%, while commercial GOS mixtures contain between 40% and 70% of tri- and tetrasaccharides, except for the purified TOS-100 powder, commercialized byYakult that contains more than 99% GOS. In Europe, FOS synthesized using enzymes are only commercialized by Beghin-Meiji Industries while inulin and oligofructose extracted from the chicory root are produced by Beneo-Orafti, Cosucra, and Sensus. A compilation of the fruc-tans, GOS, and lactulose products currently produced and commercially available is presented in (Table 19.6). 

Inulin extracted from Jerusalem artichokes or chicory roots was used as the raw material to produce fructose syrups for diabetics and for the production of fructooHgosaccharides. The main raw material for the production of fructose syrups is now starch and fructooUgosaccharides are mainly produced from saccharose. 

Recently ORAFTI (Belgium) developed a polymeric surfactant based on inulin (a natural, linear polyfructose molecule produced from chicory roots) [24]. By grafting several alkyl chains on the polyfructose chain a graft copolymer was produced (Fig. 1.22). 

Heat capacity of inulin extracted fi om chicory roots (ICN Pharmaceutical, Inc.) was measimed and the temperatures of its physical transitions were determined in [4, 133] (Figime 15). For the sake of comparison heat capacity of refined wood cellulose Tyrecell (98 % of a-cellulose) with a zero crystallinity index is given in the same figime (ciuwe 2) [17]. 

Although the above sugar surfactants found many applications, particularly in cosmetics and personal care products, they are seldom very effective in stabilization of disperse systems against flocculation and/or coalescence. This is due to the reversible nature of adsorption of these molecules at the solid/liquid or liquid/liquid interfaces. For that reason we have developed a polymeric surface-active molecule based on inulin (which is extracted from chicory roots). Inulin is a polydisperse polysaccharide consisting mainly, if not exclusively, of j8(2 1) fructosyl fructose units with normally, but not necessar-... 

Di-D-fructose dianhydrides have also been isolated" from commercial chicory, which is used as an additive for coffee or in coffee substitutes. Chicory is obtained by roasting the roots of chicory (Cichorium sp.), a member of the Compositae, which contains inulin (in its roots) as a storage polysaccharide. 

A model of crop growth, development, and yield formation was used to compare Jerusalem artichoke and chicory — the two main agricultural sources of inulin (Meijer et al., 1993). The pattern of assimilation in the two crops was very different. Chicory is a biennial, with only vegetative growth in the first season and dry matter distributed to the storage roots during the second season. A greater fraction of total production is diverted to structural stem matter in Jerusalem artichoke. Most dry matter is allocated to the stem until the reproductive phase of Jerusalem artichoke, mainly in the form of structural stem material, but also as stored carbohydrates. 

Schittenhelm, S., Productivity of root chicory, Jerusalem artichoke and sugar-beet, in Proceedings of the Sixth Seminar on Inulin, Fuchs, A., Schittenhelm, S., and Frese, L., Eds., Braunschweig, Germany, 1996, pp. 29-34. 

Polysaccharides that exclusively contain D-fructose are known as fructans and there are two known kinds, inulin and levan. Inulin is a polysaccharide containing -D-fructofuranose linked (2 1) [118]. Inulins are found in the roots and tubers of the family of plants known as the Compositae, which includes asters, dandelions, dahlias, cosmos, burdock, goldenrod, chicory, lettuce, and Jerusalem artichokes. Other sources are from the Liliacae family, which includes lily bulbs, onion, hyacinth, and tulip bulbs. Inulins are also produced by certain species of algae [119]. Several bacterial strains of Streptococcus mutans also produce an extracellular inulin from sucrose [120]. 

Fructans occur naturally, are predominantly found in plants, fungi, and are produced extra-cellularly by bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans [13]. Plants are the most likely source of inulin for the production of material to be incorporated into foodstuffs due to its abundance in plants and also from a safety perspective. Inulin is found in the tubers and roots of the plant family Compositae which includes aster, dandelion, dahlias, comos, burdock, goldenrod, chicory, lettuce, and Jerusalem artichoke [14,15]. Van Loo et al. [16] identified the quantity of inulin in various plants as well as their degree of polymerization (O Table 3). An extensive review of occurrence and distribution of fructans in nature is provided [16,17,18]. 

Inulin [97,98,99,100] is the only commercial, water-soluble polysaccharide containing D-fruc-tose, a ketose. It is a linear molecule of 8-D-fmctofuranosyl units linked (2— 1). It is much smaller than other gums with chain lengths of only 15-22 units and is much more easily depolymerized under acidic conditions because its monomer units are in the furanosyl ring form. It is obtained mostly from roots of the chicory plant. Because of its small molecular size, hot solutions are relatively non-viscous even at concentrations of 50%. When hot solutions of > 25% concentration are cooled, a particulate gel forms. Inulin is used for its health benefits, viz, as a prebiotic. 

Inulin is a recognized prebiotic carbohydrate in its own right but is also used as a source of fructo-oligosaccharides by hydrolysis. Inulin, a fructan polymer is widely distributed in plants [264] and chicory Cichorium intybus) is extensively used as a source of inulin for commercial purposes [265]. The roots of chicory contain 15 to 20% inulin and 5 to 10%... 

Fructose is produced commercially by the hydrolysis of beet sugar or inulin, a polysaccharide found in the roots of a number of plants, including dahlias, Jerusalem artichokes, and chicory. Hydrolysis is the process by which a material is broken down into simpler elements by reacting it with... 

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