Intramural

This work was in part supported by the Division of Intramural Research, NIAID/NIH. 

We thank the computer centers of CINES (Montpellier, France), CRIHAN (Rouen, France). This research was supported in part by the Agence National de la Recherche (ANR, France) on projects Lasihmodo and Wademecom and by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH and NIEHS (U.S.A.). 

Clinical Psychopharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland... 

This research was generously supported by the NIDA Intramural Research Program. The authors are indebted to John Partilla, Chris Dersch, Mario Ayestas, Robert Clark, Fred Franken, and John Rutter for their expert technical assistance during these studies. 

This work was supported by the intramural program of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892. 

Tang W., Weil M.H., Sun S., Noc M., Gazmuri R.J., Bisera J., Gastric intramural pC02 as monitor of perfusion failure and anaphylactic shock, J. Appl. Physiol. 1994 76 572-577. 

Chief of the Laboratory of Neurosciences National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program National Institutes of Health 5600 Nathan Shock Drive Baltimore, Maryland 21224... 

The action of nitrates appears to be mediated indirectly through reduction of MVo2 secondary to venodilation and arterial-arteriolar dilation, leading to a reduction in wall stress from reduced ventricular volume and pressure. Direct actions on the coronary circulation include dilation of large and small intramural coronary arteries, collateral dilation, coronary artery stenosis dilation, abolition of normal tone in narrowed vessels, and relief of spasm. 

This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 

Division of Intramural Research Environmental Toxicology Program Toxicology Operations Branch National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health Research Triangle Park, NC 27709... 

DD wants to acknowledge Dr. Sangita Sen, Dr. Mohd.Ayoub Mir and Dr. Suman Das for their excellent contributions to the work on drug-chromatin interaction in his laboratory during their tenure. The financial support has come from intramural fund of SINP. 

The Human Use Review Committee is the central Army processing point for all extramural and intramural human subject research which requires approval under provisions of Army Regulations. While discussing Defense Against Chemical... 

Acknowledgments Preparation of this review was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of NIDA, NIH, DHHS, and by a new investigator grant awarded to BEE from the CIHR Strategic Training Program in Tobacco Use In Special Populations. 

Steven R. Goldberg PrecUnical Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA, sgoldber intra.nida.nih.gov... 

Bulk laxatives. Distention of the intestinal wall by bowel contents stimulates propulsive movements of the gut musculature (peristalsis). Activation of intramural mechanoreceptors induces a neurally mediated ascending reflex contraction (red in A) and descending relaxation (blue) whereby the intraluminal bolus is moved in the anal direction. 

Other adverse reactions include nausea diarrhea pyrexia dermatitis exfoliative dermatitis urticaria alopecia sore mouth mouth ulcers fever abdominal cramping leukopenia red-orange urine priapism (causal relationship not established) paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction from submucosal or intramural hemorrhage. 

This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering. The authors would like to thank Terry M. Phillips for his guidance and for his valuable assistance, especially with the sections on electrochemical and radiochemical detectors. 

The underlying intrinsic smooth muscle motility is modulated by neurohormonal influences. Afferent sensory neurons, extrinsic motor neurons, and intramural neurons innervate the gut. It also has mucosal sensory receptors for monitoring chemical, osmotic, or painful stimuli and muscle receptors to monitor degrees of stretch. 

Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems provide extrinsic gastrointestinal innervation. Parasympathetic stimulation increases muscle contraction of the gut, while sympathetic stimulation inhibits contractions. Stimulation of either a- or 13-adrenoceptors will result in inhibition of contractions. The intramural nervous system consists of a myenteric (Auerbach s) plexus between the circular and longitudinal muscle areas and a submucosal (Meissner s) plexus between the muscularis mucosa and the circular muscle layers. These two plexuses contain stimulatory cholinergic neurons. 

National Institutes of Health (2009) Guidelines for use of zebrafish in the NIH intramural research program, available at http //oacu.od. nih.gov/ARAC/documents/Zebrafish.pdf. Accessed 03 Sep 2012... 

Mechanism of Action An acetylcholine antagonist that inhibits the action of acetylcholine by competing with acetylcholine for common binding sites on muscarinic receptors, which are located on exocrine glands, cardiac and smooth-muscle ganglia, and intramural neurons. This action blocks all muscarinic effects. Therapeutic Effect Decreases GI motility and secretory activity, and GU muscle tone (ureter, bladder) produces ophthalmiccycloplegia, and mydriasis. 

Mechanism of Action Competitive inhibitors of the muscarinic actions of acetylcholine, acting at receptors located in exocrine glands, smooth and cardiac muscle, and intramural neurons. Composed of 3 main constituents atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine. Scopolamine exerts greater effects on the CNS, eye, and secretory glands than the constituents atropine and hyoscyamine. Atropine exerts more activity on the heart, intestine, and bronchial muscle and exhibits a more prolonged duration of action compared to scopolamine. Hyoscyamine exerts similar actions to atropine but has more potent central and peripheral nervous system effects. TherapeuticEffect Peripheral anticholinergic and antispasmodic action, mild sedation. Pharmacokinetics None known... 

Mechanism of Action A GI stimulant that has a direct effect on colonic smooth musculature by stimulating the intramural nerve plexus. Therapeutic Effect Promotes fluid and ion accumulation in the colon, increasing peristalsis and producing a laxative effect. 

I am grateful to Gerard Roman and Adil Shamoo for helpful comments. This work was supported by the intramural research program of the NIEHS/NIH. The ideas and opinions expressed in this chapter do not represent the views of the NIEHS or NIH. 

Drs. Heishman and Myers were supported by the NIH Intramural Research Program, NIDA. 

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