Interstitial lung disease inflammation

Crj stal, R.G., Bitterman, P.B., Rennard, S.I. et al. (1984). Interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause. Disorders characterized by chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. N. Engl. J. Med. 310, 154-166. 

Rossi G.A., Bitterman, P.B., Rennard, S.L, Ferrans, V.J. and Crystal, R.G. (1985). Evidence for chronic inflammation as a component of the interstitial lung disease associated with progressive systemic sclerosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 131, 612-617. 

Doherty DE, Worthen GS, Henson PM. 1993. Inflammation in interstitial lung disease. In Interstitial Lung Disease, ed. M Shwartz, T King, pp. 23 43. St. Louis Mosby Yearb... 

Pulmonary scanning of gallium 67 citrate is widely used in nuclear medicine departments for the detection of cancers and the active inflammation associated with interstitial lung disease and may also reflect macrophage activity. Tsuchiya et al. (41) demonstrated that the uptake measured by gamma-scintigraphy correlates with the expression of transferrin receptors (TFRs)... 

COPE with Cytokines. 2006. Available at http //www.copewithcytokines.de/. Kunitake R, Kuwano K, Miyazaki H, et al. Apoptosis in the course of granulomatous inflammation in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 1999 13(6) 1329-1337. Agostini C, Zambello R, Sancetta R, et al. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-receptor superfamily members by lung T lymphocytes in interstitial lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996 153 1359-1367. 

Riches DWH, Worthen GS, Augustin A, et al. Inflammation in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases. In Schwarz MI, King TE Jr., eds. Interstitial Lung Disease. 4th ed. Hamilton-London BC Decker Inc., 2003 187-220. 

Rom WN, Vijayan VK, Cornelius MJ, et al. Persistent lower respiratory tract inflammation associated with interstitial lung disease in patients with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia following conventional treatment with diethylcarhamazine. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990 142 1088-1092. 

Rom WN, Bitterman PB, Rennard SI, Cantin A, Crystal RG. Characterization of the lower respiratory tract inflammation of nonsmoking individuals with interstitial lung disease associated with chronic inhalation of inorganic dusts. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987 136 1429-1434. 

In a proportion of patients systemic and extra-articular features may be observed during the course of the disease (and rarely prior to joint disease). These include anaemia, weight loss, vasculitis, serositis, nodules in subcutaneous, pulmonary and sclera tissues, mononeuritis multiplex, and interstitial inflammation in lungs as well as in exocrine salivary and lacrimal tissue. However, these systemic manifestations occur relatively late in the disease progression. 

The hallmark of an inflammatory response in the lung is the presence of infiltrating leukocytes. This process can occur in the context of a variety of disorders, including trauma, infection, autoimmune diseases, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, asthma, chronic bronchitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), exposure to environmental/occupational noxious agents, cancer, aUograft rejection, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. The course of inflammation in these disease states is defined by the delicate balance and nature of inflammatory mediators expressed in the context of lung inflammation, and the specific leukocyte populations recmited in response to lung injury. 

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