International market liberalization

For the nearest foreseeable future, the international market will involve new players to secure the supply of natural gas. This means a globalisation and, hence, a liberalization of the energy markets ... 

Two thirds of the gas volumes produced by Gazprom and other small producers has been consumed on internal markets. The gas price on the Russian market constitutes roughly one forth of the world market price and stands at around 22 per 1000 cubic meters [16]. Gazprom earns 3 per 1000 cubic meters for gas consumed by industries and only 1 per households domestically [17] and 45 per 1000 cubic meters for gas exported to Europe [18]. Consequently exports represent the main source of Gazprom s cash revenues. This situation incites this giant company to export as much as possible and to seek ways of liberalizing the gas price on the Russian domestic markets. 

Such a transformation is already taking place in the world gas market (Jensen, 2003). More international oil companies are investing in major natural gas infrastructure projects without the security of fully finalized sales for total output volumes. Instead, companies are counting on their own ability to identify end-use markets at some future time, closer in line to the investment pattern that characterizes development of multi-billion dollar oil fields. Expectations of a premium, liquid US market are a key factor encouraging this change as was liberalization of certain European markets which allowed gas sellers to bypass European state gas monopolies and sell directly to large gas customers and power generators (see Shepherd and Ball, 2006). 

These are important attributes in a minority setting. They cannot guarantee minority rights but at least they provide an open framework. Liberal democracy is important to minorities who want to participate in various fields, especially in the political field. Market economies provide members of minorities with the possibility to participate on equal footing with members of the majority. If transnational transactions are tmderstood broadly, they can occur in political, economic and cultural spheres. Minorities, especially those with kin-states, are likely to be interested in transnational transactions. The approximation of domestic and foreign issues has happened in the field of minorities as they are regarded to be of international concern. 

Part 1 introduces the subject matter. In Chaps. 1 and 2, the framework and outer limits of the project are provided. A very basic assumption is that international law is relevant. Another basic viewpoint is that international relations are based on much more than only binding international law. Regimes and institutions defined in broad terms are relevant. The project is limited to Europe while the term Europe calls for a clearer definition. The project deals with liberal states which are defined in terms of democracy, market economy, private property rights and civil and political rights. 

Sharma, V., Gulati, A. (2003). Trade liberalization, market reforms and competitiveness of Indian dairy sector. Discussion Paper No. 61, Markets, Trade and Institutions Division. Washington, DC International Food Policy Research Institute. 

Like our other other case-study countries in this chapter, Tanzania was hit by a major economic crisis in the 1980s. However, the impact in Tanzania was particularly severe, a result of a confluence of circumstances including a small and particularly internationally uncompetitive manufacturing sector focussing on consumer goods for the domestic market, and a liberalization process that was rapid and relatively... 

Air transport, unlike any other mode of transport, is severely constrained by international treaty. While rail, maritime and road transport do not require the express permission of the State into which they operate services internationally, no scheduled air service can be operated over or into the territory of a contracting State, except with the special permission or other authorization of that State, and in accordance with the terms of such permission or authorization. This anomaly has spawned htmdreds of bilateral air services agreements and enabled States to adopt a protectionist attitude in guarding the market share of its own national carrier, thus stultifying competition among carriers and depriving the consumer of the most efficient and cost effective air transport product that an otherwise liberalized market would have produced. 

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