Internal thoracic artery

Mueller-Schweinitzer, E., Muller, S.E., Reineke, D.C., Kem, T., Carrel, T.P., Eckstein, F.S., Grapow, M.T.R. Reactive oxygen species mediate functional differences in human radial and internal thoracic arteries from smokers. J. Vase. Surg. 51,438-444 (2010)... 

A. Cameron and K. Davis, Coronary bypass surgery with internal-thoracic-artery grafts— Effects on survival over a 15-year period. N. Engl. J. Med. 334 216-219,1996. 

Merrilees, M. J. Beaumont, B. W Scott, L. J. Fluoroprobe quantification of viable and non-viable cells in human coronary and internal thoracic arteries sampled at autopsy. J. Vase. Res. 1996,32, 371-377. 

Intraarterial infusion of microspheres containing adriamycin was used for the local treatment of breast cancer and recurrent breast cancer with liver metastases (123). A reduction in tumor size was noted when the microspheres were injected into the internal and lateral thoracic arteries for treatment of the primary tumor. However, hepatic artery injection for liver metastases resulted in improvement in only one of three patients treated. 

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery Thoracic surgery whereby parts of a saphenous vein from a leg or internal mammary artery from the arm are placed as conduits to restore blood flow between the aorta and one or more coronary arteries to bypass the coronary artery stenosis (occlusion). 

Moon MR, Sundt TM, 3rd, Pasque MK, et al. Influence of internal mammary artery grafting and completeness of revascularization on long-term outcome in octogenarians. Ann Thorac Surg 2001 72(6) 2003-2007. 

A systematic review of all prospective studies of the risks associated with spinal manipulation included five primary investigations (150). The most valid studies suggested that about half of all patients who see a chiropractor will have adverse effects, which are usually mild and transient. No reliable data about serious adverse events were uncovered. However, a review of recent case reports has shown that spinal manipulation was associated with several serious adverse effects, including dissection of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries, resulting in strokes and at least one death (151). Other instances relate to epidural hematoma, intracranial aneurysm, cauda equina syndrome, contusion of the spinal cord, myelopathy, radiculopathy, and palsy of the long thoracic nerve. 

Schonberger, J.P., Bredee, JJ., van Oeveren, W., van Zundert, A A., Verkroost, M., Terwoorst, J., Bavinck, J.H., Berreklouw, E., and Wildevuur, CJi. (1993) Preoperative Therapy of Low-Dose Aspirin in Internal Mammary Artery Bypass Operations with and without Low-Dose Aprotinin. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 106, 262-267. 

Some advanced or superficial tumors may parasitize arterial supply from the arteries of adjacent organs, especially after multiple prior embolization procedures. Such parasitization may require embolization of branches arising from such arteries as the right renal, colonic, gastric, phrenic, internal thoracic, and intercostal arteries. It is important to recognize that not all such parasitized vessels can be safely treated without risk to other important organs. 

Each subclavian vein is a continuation of the axillary vein and runs from the outer rim of the first rib to the medial rim of the anterior scalene muscle. Here the subclavian and internal jugular veins join inside the anterior edge of the superior thoracic opening and create right and left innominate veins behind the sternal manubrium. The vein usually has a pair of valves about 2 cm from its end. The heads of clavicles extend posteriorly into the superior thoracic opening, displacing the veins posteriorly from the sternum. Because of the anteroposterior slope of the superior aperture, the arteries are... 

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