Internal gating

A prerequisite for this model is the existence of both external and internal gates, i.e., protein domains that are capable of occluding access to the substrate binding site from the extracellular and intracellular environment, respectively. Little is known about such domains in this family of transporters. The molecular mechanisms governing the cooperative function of the putative gating domains also remain unknown. It could be predicted, however, that stabilization of the transporter in the outward-facing conformation in the absence of substrate but in the presence of Na+ requires a network of con-... 

The first larger electrolysis cell of the type highcell with an electrolyte content of ca. 60 L was put into operation in the 1970s by Siemens-Labor (Erlangen). After loading a lock with articles to be coated, it was flooded with inert gas. Then the internal gate to the electrolytes could be opened and the workpieces brought into the electrolysis cell. 

A master-slave flip-flop is actually two flip-flops in one, with a master flip-flop that feeds data to a slave flip-flop. A JK master-slave flip-flop and clock-input waveform are presented in Figure 23.16. In this figure, the various internal gates and connections are presented for the sake of illustration. In actual practice, the symbols for master-slave flip-flops are not distinguished from those already presented almost all clocked flip-flops available in integrated-circuit form are of the master-... 

Both horizontal and vertical zig-zag movements have been observed for salmon swimming at the interface of two discrete water masses (Johnsen, 1978 Westerberg, 1982 Diving et al., 1985). The regulation of zig-zag behavior has been discussed in detail previously (Johnsen 1982, 1984) and is believed to be an internally gated behavior released by the detection of rapidly changing concentrations. 

In the perimeter of the device 68 bond pads are arranged. Of these, 8 pads are needed for power and ground connections. Another empirical formula (Fier and Heikkila, 1982), based on Rent s rule, specifies that the number of I/O pads required to communicate effectively with the internal gates is given by... 

The purpose of this test is to detect whether, because of a defect during fabrication, an internal gate is not operating properly. Usually if a test can cause about 90% of the internal nodes to switch state, it is considered to provide adequate coverage. It would be desirable to have 100% coverage, but often this is not practical because of the length of time it would take for the test to be completed. Finally, because the test is done at the frequency at which the chip wrU operate, only minimal functional testing is performed. 

Internal gates with tristate outputs should be avoided. If internal tristate outputs are used these outputs should be equipped with pull-ups/downs or bus-holders. 

Direction of ejection towards movable side, stripping is used but usually for circular parts only During opening stroke pull in direetion of demoulding, ejeetion with stripper plate Mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, stripper bolt, lifting cylinder, pin-link chain Cup-like mouldings wiA internal gate... 

The IGBT is a silieon hybrid eomposed of a power MOSFET on the gate terminal and an unlatehable SCR between the eolleetor and emitter terminals. Its internal sehematie ean be seen in Figure 3-39. 

Having demonstrated, by construction, that each of the computational elements required of a conventional digital computer for its own computation - namely, (1) digital bit-stream signals, (2) wires, (3) redirection circuits, (4) an internal system clock, (5) a (potentially infinite) memory, and (6) a set of universal logic gates... 

Catterall WA, Perez-Reyes E, Snutch TP et al (2005) International Union of Pharmacology. XLVIII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated calcium channels. Pharmacol Rev 57 411-425... 

Neurotransmitter transport can be electrogenic if it results in the net translocation of electrical charge (e.g. if more cations than anions are transferred into the cell interior). Moreover, some transporters may direction-ally conduct ions in a manner akin to ligand-gated ion channels this ion flux is not coupled to substrate transport and requires a separate permeation pathway associated with the transporter molecule. In the case of the monoamine transporters (DAT, NET, SERT) the sodium current triggered by amphetamine, a monoamine and psychostimulant (see Fig. 4) is considered responsible for a high internal sodium concentration... 

A schematic drawing is shown in Fig. 14. Two "prepoly CSTR s in parallel, each with a 1400-kg. holduo, fed a total of 44 kg./hr. of syrup at 80 C and 33-35% conversion to a second-stage LFR. The CSTR s were cooled via jackets and internal cooling coils, and slowly agitated with gate-type agitators. 

Internal ligand-gated Open or close in response to a specific intracellular molecule, eg, a cyclic nucleotide. 

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