Internal attributions

The Subject-Observer collaboration is a more technical example. In Figure 9.10, we try to show each object s external interface as split into different roles in different collaborations, whereas the internal attributes may be shared. The collaboration governs two roles Subject and Observer. The Subject has some sort of value, and the Observer has another let s call it its value view. An update action is initiated by the Subject to keep the Observer up-to-date. 

The compatibility of polymers and plasticizers determines the choice of components for the plasticized material. Compatibility is the ability of a plasticizer to form a homogenous system with polymer. During mixing in roll mixers or in an extruder the plasticizer is dispersed in polymer as a result of expenditure of mechanical energy. But if the initial emulsion is thermodynamically unstable, the system becomes stratified. The maximum amount of a plasticizer incorporated into a polymer and retained by it without exudation during storage is popularly accepted as the limit of compatibility. The external attributes of incompatibility are whitening, tackiness, or exudation of the plasticizer. The internal attribute is a decrease in mechanical properties due to incompatibility. 

Internal Attributes Accessibility Reparability Interchangeability Standardization Redundancy Simplicity Modularization Testability... 

There are four classes of causal events that appear in fault trees. Primary refers to internal attributes or conditions of components. Secondary refers to something outside a component. Each can occur with failures or faults, which completes the four classes. 

The Daimler JTSP offers the opportunity to edit the JT internal attributes and to prepare XML based structure formats to meet the OEM requirements. The third step in the process landscape is the data exchange to the OEM. In case of the Daimler AG the Odette file transfer protocol (OFTP) based SWAN data exchange system is used. 

Safety cases for safety-related railway control systems must be created for safety-related items. A majority of the argumentation in the safety case is directed towards the internal attributes of the item. Moreover, also hazards are identified which cannot be covered by the internal attributes of the item itself, but rather through the adherence to certain requirements during the usage of the item in the intended superior... 

A SAC must be created if the reasoning in the safety case or in corresponding documents is dependent upon the compliancy with certain safety rules. If the safety-related argumentation of the safety case requires certain activities of users then these activities will have to be described in SACs. Precondition for a SAC is that the internal attributes of the item are not sufficient for safety argumentation. A SAC should be defined, only if the hazard for which the SAC is a countermeasure for has not already been mitigated by another measure. 

This paper addresses benefits and challenges of SACs. SACs are the necessary means if hazards cannot be avoided by internal attributes of a item itself, but through the adherence of certain regulations during the usage of the item in the intended superior context. We analyzed what are difficulties of formulating SACs, complying with... 

Encapsulation is the combination of many different features or behavioral patterns of an entity into a single computational construct. Encapsulated objects can be viewed, identified and manipulated as wholes, despite their intricate internal attributes and methods. Encapsulation allows the programmer to view a system as combinations of little black boxes . The details of an object s internal implementations are kept separate from its features that are accessible by other objects. At the same time, each of these boxes has a contract with the outside world that requires it to take an input, perform an operation based on its internal coding, and then give an appropriate response. The ability of OOP to combine data structure and behavior in a single construct allows cleaner and more extensive encapsulation. ... 

These results do not agree with experimental results. At room temperature, while the translational motion of diatomic molecules may be treated classically, the rotation and vibration have quantum attributes. In addition, quantum mechanically one should also consider the electronic degrees of freedom. However, typical electronic excitation energies are very large compared to k T (they are of the order of a few electronvolts, and 1 eV corresponds to 10 000 K). Such internal degrees of freedom are considered frozen, and an electronic cloud in a diatomic molecule is assumed to be in its ground state f with degeneracy g. The two nuclei A and... 

Thor, Scandinavian god of war) Discovered by Berzelius in 1828. Much of the internal heat the earth produces has been attributed to thorium and uranium. Because of its atomic weight, valence, etc., it is now considered to be the second member of the actinide series of elements. 

Much of the internal heat of the earth is thought to be attributable to the presence of uranium and thorium. 

The use of indium in acpieous solution has been reported by Li and co-workers as a new tool in org nometallic chemistry. Recently Loh reported catalysis of the Mukaiyama-aldol reaction by indium trichloride in aqueous solution". Fie attributed the beneficial effect of water to a eg tion phenomena in connection with the high internal pressure of this solvenf This woric has been severely criticised by... 

Worldwide siUcate production is estimated to be approximately 4 x 10 t/yr. The 1995 prices for typical products are given in Table 4. The price for a hquid product, normalised to a 100% soHds basis, is usually close to the price of the corresponding bulk glass. International trade of sibcates, especially bquid products, is limited by the cost of transportation rather than production costs. Production of sibcates has increased in the 1990s (Table 5). This growth is primarily attributed to an increase in the use of sibcate to make derivatives and also to use in peroxide bleaching. 

In the United States, the largest concentration of atmospheric vanadium occurs over Eastern seaboard cities where residual fuels of high vanadium content from Venezuela are burned ia utility boilers. Coal ash ia the atmosphere also coataias vanadium (36). Ambient air samples from New York and Boston contain as much as 600—1300 ng V/m, whereas air samples from Los Angeles and Honolulu contained 1—12 ng V/m. Adverse pubHc health effects attributable to vanadium ia the ambieat air have aot beea deteroiiaed. lacreased emphasis by iadustry oa controlling all plant emissions may have resulted ia more internal reclamation and recycle of vanadium catalysts. An apparent drop ia consumption of vanadium chemicals ia the United States since 1974 may be attributed, in part, to such reclamation activities. 

Internal antistats are considered permanent antistats. This permanence is based on the concept that most plastic products are disposable, so that the antistat is not required to last long. The antistatic effectiveness of an internal antistat can decrease over time. One study showed large increases in surface resistivity on antistatic bags stored at 71 °C for six months. Antistatic bags stored at room temperature showed only a small increase in surface resistivity (137). Loss of antistatic effectiveness is attributed to the volatility of the antistatic agent. The antistat does not easily wear off the plastic, but it can be removed with solvents and/or repeated wear. 

R. T. Johnson and. R. Pierson, "The Impact of Grid Composition on the Performance Attributes of Lead—Acid Batteries," iu L. J. Pearce, ed.. Power Sources 11, International Power Sources Symposium Committee, 1987. 

For purposes of dosage, the specific activity of an enzyme is usually expressed as International Units (lU) rather than in terms of weight. However, unit measurements do not provide information on the absolute purity of a given product. Moreover, purity is not as critical an attribute for oral enzymes, as opposed to those adrninistered parenteraHy, inasmuch as the gastrointestinal tract is capable of disposing of most inert contaminants. 

Surface finish of internal surfaces - Kffieicney inerea,ses from better surface finishes are mostly attributable to the specific speed Ns (discussed in Chapter 6) of the pump. Generally, the improvements in surface finishes are economically justifiable in pumps with low specific speeds. 

Up to 90% of the total quality cost is due to failure, both internal and external, with around 50% being the average (Crosby, 1969 Russell and Taylor, 1995 Smith, 1993). A survey of UK manufacturing companies in 1994 found that failure under the various categories was responsible for 40% of the total cost of quality, followed by appraisal at 25%, and then prevention costs at 18%. This is shown in Figure 1.6. Of the companies surveyed, 17% were unsure where their quality costs originated, but indicated that these costs could be attributable to failure, either internally or externally. 

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