Interface orientation

Squier, J. A., Muller, M., Brakenhoff, G. J., and Wilson, K. R. 1998. Third harmonic generation microscopy. Review of dynamic imaging with THG in living organisms was first demonstrated. The point scanning source was used for THG imaging. Excitation at 1.2 (xm, 250 kHz. Interface orientation dependency in respect to the laser beam was shown in glass beats. Opt. Exp. 3 315-24. 

The freedom of the dangling bonds on the crystal surface increases with increasing temperature. As a result, there is a critical temperature below which an epitaxial relation cannot be realized. This temperature is called the epitaxial temperature, and it depends on interface orientation. If the misfit ratio is small, the epitaxial temperature is low if the misfit ratio is large, the epitaxial temperature is high, and an epitaxial relation will not be achieved unless the temperature is higher than the epitaxial temperature. 

Effects of Surfactants on Solutions. A surfactant changes the properties of a solvent in which it is dissolved to a much greater extent than is expected from its concentration effects. This marked effect is the result of adsorption at the solution s interfaces, orientation of the adsorbed surfactant ions or molecules, micelle formation in the bulk of the solution, and orientation of the surfactant ions or molecules in the micelles, which are caused by the amphipathic structure of a surfactant molecule. The magnitude of these effects depends to a large extent on the solubility balance of the molecule. An efficient surfactant is usually relatively insoluble as individual ions or molecules in the bulk of a solution, eg, 10-2 to 10-4 mol/L. 

Weighted Mean Curvature of an Interface. The weighted mean curvature, k7, has exactly the same geometrical properties as the mean curvature except that it is weighted by the possibly orientation-dependent magnitude of the interfacial tension. It is particularly useful for addressing capillarity problems when the interfacial energy is anisotropic, that is, dependent upon the interface orientation (Section C.3). 

A quantitative model for repulsion and dispersion interactions has been derived by Amovilli and Mennucci [21] based on the theory of weak interactions [22], Cavitation is strictly empirical in this context since it does not depend on the molecule but only on the cavity shape and on the environment it will have an indirect effect on properties only by contributing to the determination of the preferred molecule-interface orientation. 

Air interface orientation controlling agent, (11), 0.2 parts (unspecified) Photopolymerization initiator HJ-1, (HI), 2.0 parts by mass Lucirin TPO-L, 2.0 parts Methyl ethyl ketone, 300 parts... 

Domain Interfaces, oriented towards a specific application domain, and... 

Fig. 36. Schematic temperature variation of intcrfacial stiffness kn I K and interfacial free energy, for an interface oriented perpendicularly to a lattice direction of a square a) or simple cubic (b) lattice, respectively. While for tl — 2 the interface is rough for all non zero temperatures, in d — 3 il is rough only for temperatures T exceeding the roughening transition temperature 7r (see sect. 3.3). For T < 7U there exists a non-zero free energy tigT.v of surface steps, which vanishes at T = 7 r with an essential singularity. While k is infinite throughout the noil-rough phase, k Tic reaches a universal value as T - T . Note that k and fml to leading order in their critical behavior become identical as T - T. ...

P. Sreearunothai, A.C. Morteani, I. Avilov, J. Comil, D. Beljonne, R.H. Friend, R.T. Phillips, C. Silva, and L.M. Herz, Influence of copolymer interface orientation on the optical emission of polymeric semiconductor heterojunctions, Phys. Rev. Lett., 96, 117403 (2006). 

An alternative description of a molecular solvent in contact with a solute of arbitrary shape is provided by the 3D generalization of the RfSM theory (3D-RISM) which yields the 3D correlation functions of interaction sites of solvent molecules near the solute. It was first proposed in a general form by Chandler, McCoy, and Singer [22] and recently developed by several authors for various systems by Cortis, Rossky, and Friesner [23] for a one-component dipolar molecular liquid, by Beglov and Roux [24, 25] for water and a number of organic molecules in water, and by Hirata and co-workers for water [26, 27], metal-water [26, 28] and metal oxide-water [31] interfaces, orientationally dependent potentials of mean force between molecular ions in a polar molecular solvent [29], ion pairs in aqueous electrolyte [30], and hydration of hydrophobic and hydrophilic solutes alkanes [32], polar molecule of carbon monoxide [33], simple ions [34], protein [35], amino acids and polypeptides [36, 37]. It should be noted that accurate calculation of the solvation thermodynamics for ionic and polar solutes in a polar molecular liquid requires special corrections to the 3D-RISM equations to eliminate the electrostatic artifacts of the supercell treatment employed in the 3D-RISM approach [30, 34]. 

Structural descriptors at the secondary level (mesoscale) are topology and domain size of polymeric aggregates (persistence lengths and radius), effective length and density of charged polymer sidechains on the surface, properties of the solution phase (percolation thresholds and critical exponents, water structure, proton distribution, proton mobility and water transport parameters). Moreover, -point correlation fimctions could be defined that statistically describe the structme, containing information about surface areas of interfaces, orientations, sizes, shapes and spatial distributions of the phase domains and their connectivity [65]. These properties could be... 

The normal vector n, is defined by the vector gradient of Cg, which can be derived from different finite difference approximations which directly influence the accuracy of algorithms. These include Green-Gauss, volume-average, least-squares, minimization principle, and Young s gradients. It is noted that a wide, symmetric stencil for n,y is necessary for a reasonable estimation of the interface orientation. 

When a phase separation into a Janus cylinder structure occurs, e.g., where the upper half of the cylinder contains the B-rich phase and the lower half the A-rich phase, we have a planar AB interface (Fig. 32a) and the quantity that we wish to record is the vector normally oriented to this interface for any monomer of the backbone. Studying the orientational correlations of this vector will yield the desired information on possible fluctuations of interface orientation (Fig. 32b). Since the AB interface at nonzero temperature is not a sharp dividing surface, but rather has a finite width, a numerical characterization of the local orientation of this interface normal is difficult. Therefore, an essentially equivalent but numerically unambiguous characterization of this Janus cylinder-type ordering has been... 

The interfacial potential difference can arise from a combination of charge separation across the interface, orientation of polar molecules on the solution side of the interface, and specific adsorption of ions. The thickness of the zones in which properties differ from those in the bulk phases is probably no greater than 10 m on the metal side and 10 m on the solution side. 

Similar expressions can be obtained for a cubic thin film with a (111) for film-substrate interface orientation using (3.49) and (3.51). 

Fig. 6.10. A comparison of the critical thickness (6.17) for three different crystallographic orientations of the epitaxial interface, with r f = 0.25 and Tq = b/2. Although the diagrams in Figure 6.9 identify particular crystallographic glide planes for dislocation formation, the results obtained apply for families of glide planes and, therefore, for the families of interface orientations indicated.

Liquid metal/vacuum interface + oriented monolayer and bulk solvent molecules. 

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