Intercalation secondary

The secondary and tertiary structures of myoglobin and ribonuclease A illustrate the importance of packing in tertiary structures. Secondary structures pack closely to one another and also intercalate with (insert between) extended polypeptide chains. If the sum of the van der Waals volumes of a protein s constituent amino acids is divided by the volume occupied by the protein, packing densities of 0.72 to 0.77 are typically obtained. This means that, even with close packing, approximately 25% of the total volume of a protein is not occupied by protein atoms. Nearly all of this space is in the form of very small cavities. Cavities the size of water molecules or larger do occasionally occur, but they make up only a small fraction of the total protein volume. It is likely that such cavities provide flexibility for proteins and facilitate conformation changes and a wide range of protein dynamics (discussed later). 

Reaction overpotential. Both overpotentials mentioned above are normally of higher importance than the reaction overpotential. It may happen sometimes, however, that other phenomena, which occur in the electrolyte or during electrode processes, such as adsorption and desorption, are the speed-limiting factors. Crystallization overpotential. This exists as a result of the inhibited intercalation of metal ions into their lattice. This process is of fundamental importance when secondary batteries are charged, especially during metal deposition on the negative side. 

Kanehori K, Matsumoto K, Miyauchi K, Kudo T (1983) Thin film solid electrolyte and its application to secondary Lithium cell. Solid State Ionics 9-10 1445-1448 Py MA, Haering RR (1983) Structural destabilization induced by lithium intercalation in M0S2 and related compounds. Can J Phys 61 76-84... 

Thin-film electrodes have promise in the development of flexible power sources (primary and secondary). It must be taken into account that change in cathodic material crystal lattice must not be over 20% as a result of intercalation of Li+, Na+ or FT [4], The electrodes must be chemically active and have both electron and ion conductivity. In connection with these... 

These observations, together with those on supercoiled DNAs relaxed by intercalating dyes and by topoisomerase I, indicate that complete conversion from the prevalent secondary structures in supercoiled DNAs to the normal B-helix must be severely hindered kinetically. It is also clear that the free energies per base pair of the secondary structure states a and b must be nearly identical in order for these states to be interconverted by such a small environmental perturbation. 

Lii+ rV308 has received considerable attention as a cathode material for secondary lithium batteries over the past few years. Lii+ rV308 has a layered framework suitable for reversible lithium intercalation processes that can allow up to four Li+ ions per formula unit to be inserted (i.e., xcan vary from 0 to... 

In addition to the kink induced by the primary intercalating residue, a second kink two base steps away from the primary kink is revealed in the crystal structure of a complex of the HMG-D box with linear DNA [32]. The second kink arises from partial secondary intercalation in the minor groove of two adjacent residues, valine and threonine, immediately before the N-terminal end of helix II [32,42]. In the HMG boxes of HMGBl and 2, and other non-sequence-specific HMG proteins, a hydrophobic (and therefore potentially intercalating) residue is almost always found in the position corresponding to the valine in HMG-D [32,42] (residue Y in Table 1 and Fig. 2). In contrast, in the sequence-specific HMG... 

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