Intercalation of organic molecules

Costa cl al. (C58) showed that superplasticizers increase the fluidity of C,S pastes much as they do that of cement pastes. Studies on individual anhydrous and hydrated compounds in aqueous and non-aqueous media indicate that calcium lignosulphonate and superplasticizers are adsorbed by C -S-H, AFm phases or CH but not by C,S, C,A or C,AH (R54, R55,R56,C58,M 105), though they appear to be taken up by unhydrated P-CiS (C59). The admixtures also enter interlayer sites of C4AF1. and perhaps also of C -S--H (R55). Intercalation of organic molecules in C4AH, is a well-established effect (Section 6.1.1),... 

Organic-perovskite hybrids play an important role in the fabrication of various nanodevices as well as in elucidating their fundamental properties. Intercalation of organic components into layered perovskites can be facilitated by various techniques such as ion exchange and the exfoliation-restacking method. In addition, the electrochemical intercalation method is also favorable for intercalation of organic molecules into transition metal oxides. However, except for... 

Intercalation of organic molecules into layered host lattice produces a variety of organic-inorganic hybrid materials. The solvothermal method provides a reaction system that allows application of high temperatures and therefore is a powerful technique for preparation of intercalation compounds. Exfoliation of layers may occur because of applied high temperatures. For example, exfoliated poly-ethylene/montmoriUonite nanocomposites were reported to be prepared by solvothermal reaction of organophilic montmorillonite with polyethylene in toluene at 170°C for 2... 

With regard to intercalation of organic molecules into alkali metal GICs, it is of interest to note that intercalation of some hydrocarbons has succeeded. 

Ihmels H, Otto D (2005) Intercalation of Organic Dye Molecules into Double-Stranded DNA - General Principles and Recent Developments. 258 161-204 Iida H, Krische MJ (2007) Catalytic Reductive Coupling of Alkenes and Alkynes to Carbonyl Compounds and Imines Mediated by Hydrogen. 279 77-104 Imai H (2007) Self-Organized Formation of Hierarchical Structures. 270 43-72 Indelli MT, see Chiorboli C (2005) 257 63-102 Inoue Y, see Borovkov VV (2006) 265 89-146 Ishii A, Nakayama J (2005) Carbodithioic Acid Esters. 251 181-225 Ishii A, Nakayama J (2005) Carboselenothioic and Carbodiselenoic Acid Derivatives and Related Compounds. 251 227-246... 

Clay minerals or phyllosilicates are lamellar natural and synthetic materials with high surface area, cation exchange and swelling properties, exfoliation ability, variable surface charge density and hydrophobic/hydrophilic character [85], They are good host structures for intercalation or adsorption of organic molecules and macromolecules, particularly proteins. On the basis of the natural adsorption of proteins by clay minerals and various clay complexes that occurs in soils, many authors have investigated the use of clay and clay-derived materials as matrices for the immobilization of enzymes, either for environmental chemistry purpose or in the chemical and material industries. 

The types of organic molecules that are able to intercalate the kaolin minerals are generally small with large dipole moments. 

The dichalcogenides of group VI do not readily form intercalates with organic molecules. But n-alkylammonium compounds can be prepared by ion-exchange reactions of the hydrated sodium intercalation compounds such as Na j(H20)o g M0S2. Alkylammonium compounds prepared by this route show lattice expansions that depend on the alkyl chain length, very similar to the MX2-n-alkylamine systems described above. This raises the fundamental question whether protonated amines are the actual intercalated species in both the cases, involving reduction of the host. In fact, this constitutes the basis of the new model for the intercalation reaction in MX2 proposed by Schollhorn (1980). 

C. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules Intercalated Into a-ZrP... 

The experimental studies of interactions of organic molecules adsorbed or intercalated in the interlayer space of clay minerals are very extensive. These experimental investigations were reviewed in several monographs [15-17]. In this part, we will review only experimental studies concerning systems of kaolinitic minerals (specifically dickite and kaolinite) with formamide (FA), N-methylformamide (MFA) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) since theoretical studies of interactions of small organic molecules with clay minerals are devoted to intercalates and adsorbates of kaolinitic minerals with these organic molecules. This will allow to compare theoretical results with available experimental data. 

The theoretical studies applying cluster model approach [148, 149] and periodic approximation [150] devoted to the description of interaction of dickite and kaolinite with the FA, MFA and DMSO molecules have been performed. These works have studied the position and the orientation of the adsorbed and intercalated organic molecules with respect to the surface of mineral, interaction between the organic molecule and the mineral, interaction energy, the influence of the intercalation and adsorption on changes of geometry parameters, electron structures of organic molecules, and the surfaces of the minerals. 

Intercalation of Organic Dye Molecules into Double-Stranded DNA -General Principles and Recent Developments... 

Ihmels H, Otto D (2005) Intercalation of Organic Dye Molecules into Double-Stranded DNA - General Principles and Recent Developments. 258 161-204 Indelli MT, see Chiorboli C (2005) 257 63-102 Ishii A, NakayamaJ (2005) Carbodithioic Acid Esters. 251 181-225... 

It has also been reported that the interlayer spacing in hydrotalcite particles can be increased by intercalation with organic molecules, such as citric acid.88 Results were given for linear burning rates from a UL-94 horizontal bum test comparing nano- and micro-hydrotalcite modified epoxy resin. At 5 wt % addition level the microcomposite gave a reduction in bum rate of unmodified epoxy resin from around 22 to 18mm/min. With the apparent nanocomposite variant, also at 5 wt %, the burn rate was less than 5mm/min. 

Crystal structures of [Co(trien)(phen)Kl,5nds),5(phen)2(H20)g (1) and [Co(en)2(phen)J (l,5nds)i5(H20), (2) (l,5nds = 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate) illustrate that porous crystalline materials which can intercalate large organic molecules can be constructed using complex cations and bulky organic counter anions. 

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