Intentional characters

Whole grains means grains of cereals from which no part has been intentionally removed. The unique taste characteristics and smokey flavor of Scotch is developed from peat used in the whisky production process. The character and amount of peat used in malting the barley have a critical affect on the flavor intensity of the final product. The aroma of the burning peat is absorbed by the barley malt and is carried through the distillation process. 

This wording may be considered as duplication, because one can hardly think of continuous titration without automation however, the intention is simply to stress its character as an alternative to automated discontinuous titrations. The principle of continuous titration can be illustrated best by Fig. 5.151 it applies to a steady stream of sample (C). Now, let us assume at first that the analyte concentration is on specification, i.e., it agrees with the analyte concentration of the standard (B). If, when one mixes the titrant (A) with the sample stream (C), the mass flow (equiv./s) of titrant precisely matches the mass flow of analyte, then the resulting mixture is on set-point. However, when the analyte concentration fluctuates, the fluctuations are registered by the sensor it is clear that the continuous measurement by mixing A and C is only occasionally interrupted by alternatively mixing A and B in order to check the titrant for its constancy. 

Farben, under the leadership of these defendants, pursued a course of action evidencing cavalier disregard of probable consequences. Such conduct, carried out for a dictator who manifested his warlike intentions in many ways. .. is sufficiently reprehensible in its relation to the resulting holocaust of war as to cause me to feel that international law should be broadened to devise standards defining the criminality of action of the character carried out by these defendants. 

Both groups of spectra show greater complexity than the spectra of resinites from bituminous coals, particularly in the region below 1250 cm. 1 in which numerous but generally weak absorption bands occur. A complete and realistic interpretation within this region would be virtually impossible without considerable chemical study, and it was not the intention of the present investigation to cope with this problem. It was hoped to establish how the absorption pattern of lower rank resinites compared with that of the maceral in bituminous coals and in particular to see what spectral characters were possessed by possible precursors of bituminous coal resinites. 

Mosca tells Corbaccio that Bonario, accidentally acquainted with his father s purpose, entered the house with drawn sword and tried to kill Volpone. He was also looking for his father with the same intent to kill. "This act," says Corbaccio, "shall disinherit him indeed " At that moment, Voltore slips onstage, unnoticed by the other characters. Corbaccio hopes that Volpone will soon die he has a dram to help him along. 

On the other side of the scale, very moderate, but not negligible, Lewis acidities are ascribed, according to their a parameters, to C-H acids, such as chloroform and bromoform, primary and secondary acyclic amines, such as -butylamine and diethylamine, and protogenic solvents, such as methyl-alkyl ketones, acetonitrile, and nitromethane. It can be expected that liquid 1 -alkynes (not on the List), having the grouping H-C=C-R, also have non-negligible a values, being C-H Lewis acids. It can be safely concluded, however, that aprotic solvents other than those of the classes noted above have no Lewis acid character, with a 0 for all intents and purposes. 

The fundamental concept of chemical kinetics is that of reaction mechanism. In the broad sense, the word mechanism ("detailed , "intimate ) is the comprehensive interpretation of all experimental data accumulated on the complex reaction process. In this mechanism, one should discriminate individual stages and reaction steps, give characteristics for intermediates, describe transition states of individual steps, provide energy levels of substances, etc. As far as catalytic reactions are concerned, one should characterize surface properties, examine the adsorption character, etc. "I want to know everything about a complex chemical reaction this is the way one must understand chemists when they speak about their intention to investigate a detailed mechanism. Whether it is possible to realize such good intentions at a modern theoretical and experimental level will be another question. 

It is not accidental that the consideration bears a polemic character. It was not my intention merely to give a number of ready mathematical formulae for the experimentalists to treat their data and to obtain some constants, although such a work is clearly also necessary and useful and must therefore be welcomed. However, it seemed to be far more important to show that, firstly, not all has yet been done in the field of theory of solid-state reaction kinetics and, secondly, some of wide-spread views should be modified or even rejected as contradicting not only the available experimental data but the common sense as well. 

The character of the wines from these new areas will continue to move away from that associated with traditional eastern varieties and toward that associated with V. vinifera wines. Most of the individuals embarked on these small new enterprises have done so with the deliberate intention of getting away from the older varieties and exploring the possibilities of the... 

Included in this volume are six articles devoted to a process which is basic not only in chemistry, but in biology and physics. The intent is to provide a critical review of some topics in photo-induced electron transfer (PET) in order to complement existing works. All articles are concerned with experimental and theoretical aspects of PET in organic chemistry. The interdisciplinary character of PET is already reflected in the preceding volumes of this series as will be so in the following volumes for electron transfer in general. 

In the previous sections, methods of qualitatively controlling the course of propagation were described. Indirect control as well as the quantitative effects caused by intentional control of the other partial processes in polymerization have still to be mentioned. The separation of initiation from propagation alters the kinetic character of the whole reaction. With ionic polymerizations, initiation can be separated from propagation by the selection of conditions suitable for rapid initiation. With radical polymerizations, this is not possible. Therefore both partial processes must be separated in space. Fortunately, radical active centres operate both in polar and in non polar media. Thus it is not difficult to confine initiation and propagation to mutually immiscible components of the medium. Emulsion polymerization remains the most important representative of quantitative control of propagation. 

The ratio of the rates of initiation and termination is an important factor determining the character of a polymerization. When termination is more rapid than initiation, propagation is limited and a high polymer is not formed. Such a situation is sometimes created intentionally for study purposes. For practical use it is of no great importance. Real systems have two extremes either initiation is equally rapid as termination or termination does not occur in the respective medium. In the first case, polymerization is stationary in the other, it is living (proceeding without transfer). In between these limits we find systems where termination is slower than initiation. They all exhibit an autoaccelerated course. The polymerizations are usually stationary at first with termination limited by the effect of the generated polymer. 

To justify such a description within quantum mechanics we are led into a consideration of ionic and covEilent contributions to an approximate wave function. If covalent contributions are minor, the bond is said to be ionic in character, and the electrostatic model is considered to be applicable. Unfortunately, the terms ionic character and covalent character are used with various meanings. This is so, in part, because the rapid development of chemical bond theory has caused a drift of the meanings of these terms over the past two decades. Pauling s definitions, as presented in his book (1585, p. 48), no doubt represent the intent of most workers as of 1940. He concluded that there is a covalent bond between two atoms X and Y if the dissociation energy of X—is the mean of the dissociation energies of X— X and Y— Y. If the dissociation energy of X— Y exceeds this mean, the excess is attributed to additional ionic character of the bond. This criterion furnishes the basis for his scale of electronegativity, and ionic character is inter-... 

It is not our intention to present an exhaustive review of this important subject. Up-to-date reviews are provided elsewhere [38,37]. The classic review by Garten and Weiss [41 ] offers an excellent historical perspective. We do need to summarize here the issues that are essential for understanding the aqueous-phase adsorption phenomena. The main features of carbon surface chemistry are presented first and the con.sequent acid/base behavior of carbons is briefly discus.sed to illustrate their amphoteric character. In Section III it is shown that these phenomena often govern the adsorption of most inorganic compounds. In Section IV we argue that these phenomena can be dominant in the adsorption of organic compounds as well, but they are more often only a part of the whole story. 

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