Intellectual property utility

Francis A. Via joined Fairfield Resources International as a senior consultant with more than 30 years of experience managing industrial R D, intellectual property, and market development at Stauffer Chemical Company, Akzo Nobel, Inc., and GE. He directed Akzo Nobel s Corporate Research-US to capture emerging technologies. Utilizing external cooperative research programs at universities and national laboratories served as the keystone for this corporate research. 

Richard Koehn I do not think the universities have any idea how intellectual property laws relate to the general research mission of the institution or its desire to exploit the fruits of that research through commercialization. It is completely different when you are doing research in chemistry on a particular area and you see some particular applications in mind, but you are actually utilizing patented procedures or processes in that research. Have you violated the patent The question of a patent violation in research laboratories is extremely sophisticated, and most technology transfer offices at universities do not know that the issue exists or how to think about it. Now that the universities are thinking about exploiting the commercial value of a project, they need to ask what process was used to produce the fruits of that project. That is a different level of sophistication. 

MCRs have delivered biologically useful ligands from both Diversity [7] and Target [8] oriented approaches with new scaffold syntheses appearing almost on a weekly basis in the primary literature. Notably, as is often found with intellectual property in the pharmaceutical industry, many articles contain only preparative details of new scaffolds with no associated biological activities. This tool-box of rapidly accessible cores, with currently hidden biological utility, falls out of the scope of this chapter and is reviewed by colleagues in other chapters. We start in late nineteenth century Europe. 

NOTE AGR - Access to Genetic Resources ESB - Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources CTU - Customary or Traditional Use of genetic resources IPR - Intellectual Property Rights NRM Bio - Natural Resource Management and Biodiversity Conservation PIC - Prior Informed Consent... 

Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO) (2006). A Guide to Patents Utility. Available http //strategis.ic.gc.ca/sc mrksv/cipo/patents/pat gd protect-e.html sec2. Accessed 20 July 2006. 

There are as yet no commercial sales of elastic and plastic protein-based polymers, but recent progress in correcting relevant intellectual property rights by the U. S. Patent and Trademark Office will hopefully allow for commercial uses in the near future. Thus, the applications noted below must yet be seen in terms of potential rather than as realized utility. 

How professional societies license and set standards How intellectual property is created, utilized and defended... 

The typical patent application consists of the claim itself, a precise description of specifications, and the rationale for protection. In the specific field of EvoEng patents filed to date have claimed produced molecules with known function and utility, state-of-the-art production processes of molecules with known utility, or a selection process for useful traits in an already characterized strain. As explained in Fig. 3.1, the process of EvoEng consists of 3 steps amplification, diversification and selection. Protection claims may be directed towards the steps in the cycle, specific conditions of the cycle, or improvements to previous patents (e.g. the specific and defined mutation conditions used to obtain variation and/or definite selection with respect to flmess toward an EO). The penultimate example of EvoEng intellectual property is the SELEX technique (WO 91/19813), discussed in Sect. 3.3.1 and its follow-up patents regarding variations and improvements (Leimkiihler and Meyers 2004, 2005). 

The field of co-crystals has elicited significant interest in the pharmaceutical industry recently with the potential to utilize this technology as means of enhancing physicochemical properties such as solubility and dissolution in addition to enhancements to particle properties that could aid drug product development,. e.g. improving both chemical and physical stability and indeed as a method to induce crystallization of materials that traditionally would have been isolated as an oil or an amorphous material. There is also considerable ongoing debate as to the theoretical definition of a co-crystal, how a co-crystal can be reliably synthesized, manufactured and characterized, coupled with the intellectual properties ramifications therein. This presentation will outline some of our recent research efforts (in-house external) into the synthesis of co-crystals, and will outline different techniques that can be utilized to characterize co-crystals. 

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