Intellectual property, defined

Trade secret protection is probably the weakest of all intellectual property rights. The US Uniform Trade Secret Act defines a trade secret as information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program device, method, technique, or process, that (1) derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use and (2) is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy [33]. 

Despite all the intellectual property generated in this field, the application has not reached commercial scale. It does not mean that there has not been any progress. In fact, the biocatalyst development has greatly advanced, much of it due to the advancements in the techniques, methods and tools related to MB and GE. MB techniques raised the understanding of the biocatalyst from the level of whole cells to clearly defined... 

There are at least three very important flaws in the basic mechanism proposed by Project BioShield II (and Transferable Intellectual Property Rights in general). First, the way the reward for the innovator is financed through a patent extension is inefficient and inequitable. Second, the incentive mechanism is poorly defined, and does not offer a clear methodology to determine how large a reward to pay for a given innovation. Third, the mechanism discriminates against small firms. 

I would like to provide several examples of successful external university programs and define approaches to persistent issues such as intellectual property and management strategy. Each year the American Chemical Society (ACS) provides an award for leadership in chemical research and... 

I would like to comment on intellectual property as that issue was raised earlier. Akzo Nobel had more than 100 contracts with universities. In most of those the intellectual property was assigned to the university. We would write and file the application, covering all costs for patent execution on behalf of the university. In response, Akzo Nobel would obtain the first right of refusal for a royalty-bearing license with limits on royalties defined. The universities maintained the right to license to others in different fields of use. 

Ownership of the intellectual property must be defined clearly. 

It is important to agree at the outset on management and controls concerning security, confidentiality, intellectual property, documentation ownership, and compliance oversight. These topics should be included in legal contracts defining the outsourcing service to be provided. 

Intellectual property rights (IPR) should also be agreed to as part of the validation planning exercise. Particular elements of the automated medical device or its manufacture may be conhdential to individual supphers. Contracts must clearly define the terms and conditions affecting the supplier s rights. 

B. Protecting the copyrights and intellectual properties of software developers is referred to as licensing. A software license is a legal contract that defines the ways in which you may use a computer program. 

As product development can take several years to complete, it is important to have an effective document management system in place to record the work. The primary reference source for recording experimental work will usually be a laboratory notebook. The work should be checked, dated and counter-signed to satisfy GLP and intellectual property requirements. Experimental protocols are sometimes useful for defining programmes of work,... 

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