IntAct project

Protein-ligand interactions are important phenomena that touch upon every facet of biological functions. These include such examples as enzyme-substrate interactions in biochemical transformations, transducer-membrane interactions in signal transduction, protein-nucleic acid interactions in genetic transmission, protein-carbohydrate interactions in cell adhesion as well as protein-protein interactions in biochemical regulations and defense (immune response). Databases of interacting proteins are available respectively at DIP (http //dip.doe-mbi.ucla.edu) and IntAct project of EBI (http //ebi.ac.uk/intact). 

V) c u S u C BIND BindingDB BRENDA DIP IntAct project InterDom MINT Biomolecular interaction network database Collection on experimental data on the noncovalent association of molecules in solution Enzyme Information System Sequence, structure, specificity, stability, reaction parameters, isolation data, and molecular functions ontology Database of interacting proteins Public repository for annotated protein-protein interaction data Putative interacting protein domain database derived from multiple sources A molecular interaction database http //www. bind.ca http //www. bindingdb.oig http //www. brenda. uni-koeln.de http //dip.doe-mbi.ucla.edu http //www.ebi.ac.uk/intact http //interdom.lit.org.sg http //mint.bio.uniroma2.it/ mint/... 

Did you know the average American consumes the equivalent of 20 teaspoons of sugar each day The non-nutritive sweetener industry is described as a billion-dollar industry with projections of even more rapid expansion in the next few years. What do chemists look for in their search for an ideal sweetener Consumers seek good-tasting, nontoxic, low-caloric sweeteners. Chemists in the sweetener industry add further demands an inexpensive, easy-to-synthesize product that is readily soluble in water and resists degradation by heat and light is of prime importance. The chemical structure of sucralose keeps the sweetener intact as it passes through the acidic environment of the stomach. Thus, sucralose is not... 

When the nature of the disorder is spatially invariant EXAFS is a viable technique. Under these circumstances, however, unless the specimens are exceptionally thin (<20 ), HREM is of little value (13, 14), as two-dimensional projected images are difficult to interpret. When, however, there are residual crystalline regions still intact in a growing glassy matrix, or when, conversely, the embryonic stages of crystallization of a glassy precursor have been reached, HREM is particularly powerful (14, 15). 

Lesions of serotonergic neurons in laboratory animals have been reported by some, but not all, investigators to disrupt locomotor rhythms or to result in the loss of the daily rhythm of corticosterone. There is evidence that, in the hamster, the median raphe nucleus projects to the SCN whereas the dorsal raphe nucleus innervates the IGL furthermore, the serotonergic innervation to the SCN and not the IGL is necessary for the photic entrainment of locomotor activity [22]. It appears then, that the SCN circadian pacemaker or clock is modulated by stimulation of serotonergic receptors in the SCN and that serotonergic projections to the SCN may modulate the phase of the SCN in intact animals. 

Between 1955 and 1960 various sub-mitochondrial preparations were developed to give vesicles comprising only sealed inner mitochondrial membranes. Cooper and Lehninger used digitonin extraction Lardy and Kielley Bronk prepared sub-mitochondrial particles by sonication. At this time, too, Racker and his colleagues isolated Fq/F1 particles from mitochondria and showed that a separated FI particle behaved as an ATPase. The F0 portion had no enzymic properties but conferred oligomycin sensitivity on the FI ATPase. The orientation of these sub-mitochondrial vesicles (inside-out or vice-versa) was shown by the position in electron micrographs of the dense (FI) particles which in normal intact mitochondria project into the matrix and so define the surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane. 

Okamura I would like to add a comment about the transplantation study presented by Bert van der Horst, because I also collaborate with Dr Inouye on this project (Sujino et al 2003). We have only looked at one or two animals so far, so we can t come to any firm conclusions, but the results so far are interesting. When we examined it using the SCN transplant, inside the transplant we found a rhythm similar to the wild-t3rpe. Sometimes the transplants are not near the SCN, but these also restored rhythm. In this case, the innervation from the transplant to host brain regions may not be intact. 

Accepting the facts that the conventional expository laboratory has many problems associated with it, as well as that it is not an easy task to replace it entirely with inquiry-type practical work, Tsaparlis and Gorezi (141) proposed a modification of a conventional, one-semester, expository physical chemistry laboratory to accommodate a project-based component. Eight project-type tasks were used, mostly taken from articles in the Journal of Chemical Education, which is a rich source. The conventional experiments remained intact in this approach, being simply enriched with the project-based component. Students working cooperatively carried out both the conventional and the project parts in pairs for the conventional experiments, in groups of four for the project work. 

The Suriname project has increased the knowledge of the flora of the region (as noted above), helped prevent the loss of traditional knowledge of plant-derived medicines, provided educational opportunities for Surinamese scientists and students that emphasize the benefits of intact forest ecosystems, and promoted sustainable economic development in Suriname s interior. A growing interest and support within the national government is also apparent, as can be seen by the recent rejection of large-scale timber concessions. The following specific achievements have been made in the area of biodiversity conservation. 

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