Insurance coverage systems

Mexico has separate insurance coverage systems including one for those employed by the private sector—the Mexican Institute of Social Services, another for state workers— the Institute of Security and Social Services for State Workers, a third for military, petroleum, and electric company workers, and a fourth for those uninsured by other programs. Published information on coverage of LTMV in Mexico is unavailable. 

Insurance coverage can be also connected with the liability system. But, for what concerns the consequences of climate change, such as impacts of property damage from extreme weather events, the assignment of liability is a very complex topic. See Reference [12]. 

Kuttner, R., "The American Health Care System—Health Insurance Coverage," N. 

The mandate for insurance coverage addressed two concerns. First, absent a mandate, vaccination rates are likely to be suboptimal second, by establishing a uniform system, the administrative burdens on physicians offices would be reduced and, coupled with a specific payment for vaccine administration, greater numbers of physicians would supply vaccinations. All public and private insurers would be required to cover specific types of vaccinations for specific populations as recommended by a public body, such as a modified ACIP. Insurers in turn would purchase vaccines and pay physicians for vaccine administration. 

Once employer-sponsored health insurance began to cover more people in the U.S., it became increasingly popular. As medical expenses increased, insurance became a greater necessity. Expanded insurance coverage increased compensation without additional taxes, and it provided vital financial protection if hospitalization was necessary. The benefits to employers became codified as well. The Revenue Act of 1954 defined employers contributions to health plans as tax-exempt and clarified that these were deductible business expenses. Recognizing that the burgeoning system was leaving out many workers. President Eisenhower proposed, but failed to achieve, market reforms in 1956. 

Despite opposition by the American Medical Associahon (AMA) and others over the course of 3 years. Congress passed the HMO Act of 1973. Certain restrictive features of the HMO Act of 1973 limited its immediate impact on the U.S. health care system. The original legislation defined federally qualified HMOs, required armual open enrollment periods, assured quality standards, required that certain employers offer indemnity as well as HMO insurance, mandated equal employer contributions to indemnity and HMO insurance coverage, and provided grants to initiate the creation... 

The President s Commission outlines areas in which the American health care system could be improved in light of the reality that many individuals receive substandard care and 44.3 million individuals are without health insurance coverage. This commission outlines several types of quality problems including avoidable errors, underutilization of services, overuse of services, and variation in services. Based on the reality of these quality problems, the Commission recommended that the initial set of national aims should include ... 

To Err is Human Building a Safer Health System, In.stitute of Medicine. National Academy of Sciences, 1999. Kronick, R. Todd, G. Explaining the Decline in Health Insurance Coverage, 1979-1995. Health Aff. Mar/April, 1999, 30-47. 

In France, despite co-payment for drugs, prescription drugs are virtually free for the 80% of the population who enjoyed supplemental insurance in 1990. The supplemental private companies or co-operatives reimburse most or all of the co-payments. The recent law on universal health insurance coverage will extend this supplemental insurance to 100% of the population [5], Such exemptions, and reinsurance options for the population, offset the effect of co-payment in reducing the use of drugs that are not needed, or too expensive. Of OECD countries only Austria, Germany, Japan, Spain and Switzerland have officially excluded such a cost shifting by reinsurance in second-tier payment systems (Table 1). 

Typically, there are two avenues that an employer can use to maintain the appropriate coverage. One option is workers compensation insurance. The system identifies an insurance company that provides such insurance policies and pays the designated premium. A second option is to become self-insured. Large organizations may select... 

However, these results are not applicable to compulsory pubhc insurance, nor to National Health Systems. The most notable differences between drag co-payment in an insurance market and in a National Health System or compulsory public insurance environment lie in their voluntariness or otherwise (users ability to choose their coverage) and the ultimate financing of the services (risk-adjusted premiums as opposed to taxes or social insurance contributions adjusted according to economic capacity). Hence, in compulsory public insurance systems, co-payment regulation is used not only as a health policy instrument but also as one of redistribution of income. 

It seems likely that in the future we will need to tackle health problems from an angle that has more in common with the idea of a social insurance system. System for a better interlocking of ultimate objectives and health care services between public and private actors, and between different public actors, all politically legitimated throughout the territory, and for their better coordination, crucial for the success of ary health policy. Insurance because of the inescapable nature of the idea of specifying levels of health care coverage and... 

In those jurisdictions where a formal workers compensation system is in effect, the compensation health records provide the most definitive information available because the medical, social, and work history of each employee who applies for workers compensation is investigated in comprehensive detail and is made available in large part to management. Currently, relatively few illnesses, as compared to injuries, are considered for workers compensation claims. However, if a cluster can be found with the same type of complaint, that information can be invaluable. Similar information can be obtained from private insurance companies who provide employee coverage in place of workers compensation. 

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