INSTITUTE OF RISK

Institute of Risk Management. A Risk Management Standard. London, http //www.theirm.oig/publi-cations/PUstan dard.html. 

Source-. AIRMIC/ALARM/IRM 2002. Courtesy of airmlc, London, UK alarm, Sidmouth, UK The Institute of Risk Management, London, UK, www.theirm.org. 

Institute of Risk and Uncertainty, The Quadrangle, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK... 

MIIRSM Member of the International Institute of Risk and Safety Managers... 

Written by K.M. Zuev, Institute of Risk Uncertainty, Uni of Liverpool ... 

Assessment, 1996 Cabinet Office, 2002 British Standards Institute, 1996 Standards Australia, 1999 Health and Safety Executive, 2001 Institute of Risk Management, 2002 National Infrastructure Protection Centre, 2002), but there are three essential steps in all these frameworks. First, the threats faced by an organisation and their possible consequences are identified and catalogued. Second, risk levels are calculated for each threat by assessing the likelihood and the severity of the harmful consequences or outcomes that might result. Third, these risk levels are compared to a predetermined criteria or level of acceptability, and unacceptable risks are selected for action or treatment. The process is then to be repeated as an ongoing cycle. 

Research sponsored by BFRIP regarding the use of brominated flame retardants shows that there is no evidence that the use of decabromodiphenyl oxide leads to any unusual risk. In addition, a study by the National Bureau of Standards (now National Institute of Science and Technology) showed that the use of flame retardants significantly decreased the ha2ards associated with burning of common materials under reaUstic fire conditions (73). Work ia Japan confirms this finding (74). 

Robert W. Ormsby/ M S / ChE / Manager of Safety, Chemicals Group, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Air Products Corp. Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers. (Risk Analysis)... 

As a guide, because of convection that occurs from hot surfaces, ignition by a hot surface in open air should not be assumed unless the surface temperature is at least 200°C above the published minimum autoignition temperature (American Petroleum Institute, Ignition Risk of Hot Sui faces, API PSD 2216, Washington, 1980). 

FIGt 26-58 Nomograph to determine the downwind distance affected hy a release. Adapted from Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis, 1989, p. 90. Used hy permission of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers.)... 

CCPS G-21. Tools for Making Acute Risk Decisions with Chemical Process Safety Applications. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York. 

Risk Analysis in the Process Industries, European Eederation of Chemical Engineering Publication No. 45, The Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, England, 1985. 

G. L. Elamm and R. G. Schwartz, Issues and Strategies in Risk Decision Making, International Process Safety Management Conference and Workshop, September 22-24, 1993, San Francisco, CA, 351-371, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY, 1993. 

Using Layer of Protection Analysis for Estimating Chemical Process Risk (Final Draft), American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY, 2000. 

B. J. M. Ale, The Implementation of an External Safety Policy in the Netherlands, International Conference on Elazard Identification and Risk Analysis, Human factors and Human Reliability in Process Safety, January 15-17, 1992, Orlando, PL, 173-183, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY, 1992. 

Jones, D., Nomenclature for Hazard and Risk Assessment in the Process Industries, Second Edition, Rugby, Wai-wickshire, UK Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1992. 

TNO Institute of Environmental Sciences, Guidelines for Quantitative Risk Assessment, Amsterdam Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, 1999. 

Wells, G., Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment, Rugby, Warwickshire, UK Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1996. 

The American Chemistry Council, formerly the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA), and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Center for Chemical Process Safety (AIChE/CCPS) have jointly published Evaluating Process Safety in the Chemical Industry User s Guide to Quantitative Risk Analysis. This is a revised and updated edition of Evaluating Process Safety in the Chemical Industry A Manager s Guide to Quantitative Risk Analysis, published in 1989 by CMA. 

Berger, S. A., and R. J. Lantzy (1996). Reducing Inherent Risk Through Consequence Modeling. 1996 Process Plant Safety Symposium, Volume 1, April 1-2, 1996, Houston, TX, ed. H. Cullingford, 15-23. Houston, TX South Texas Section of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 

Wade, D. E. (1987). Reduction of Risks by Reduction of Toxic Material Inventory. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Preventing Major Chemical Accidents, February 3-5, 1987, Washington, D. C., ed. J. L. Woodward, 2.1-2.8. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 

Hendershot, D. C. (1988). Risk Reduction Alternatives for Hazardous Material Storage. Proc. 1988 Hazardous Materials Spills Conference, May 16-19, 1988, Chicago, III., 611-618. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 

SRA (Seismic Risk Analysis), developed by C.A. Cornell at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1975. 

---