Inspection of fabric

Figure 2-1. Perches used for inspection of fabric (Courtesy of Springs Mills).

Inspection of fabric properties before tailoring is done to determine the fabric s acceptance. The ranges of rejection values (Kawabata and Niwa, 1989 Hari and... 

Inspection of fabricated and installed systems, components and structures ... 

Liu, S.-G., Qu, P.-G. (2008a), Inspection of fabric defects based on wavelet Analysis and BP neural network, Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition, ICWAPR, Nov. 2-4, Beijing, China, vol. 1, pp. 232-236... 

NACE Standard PR0294 (latest revision). Design, Fabrication and Inspection of Tanksfor the Storage of Concentrated Sulfuric Fcid and Oleum atFmbient Temperatures, NACE International, Houston, Tex., 1994. 

The authorized inspector shall have a minimum of 10 years experience in the design, fabrication, or inspection of industrial pressure piping. Each 20 percent of satisfactory work toward an engineering... 

Code Administration The American Society of Mechanical Engineers has written the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which contains rirles for the design, fabrication, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels. The ASME Code is an American National Standard. Most states in the United States and all Canadian provinces have passed legislation which makes the ASME Code or certain parts of it their legal requirement. Orrly a few jurisdictions have adopted the code for all vessels. The others apply it to certain types of vessels or to boilers. States employ inspectors (usually under a chief boiler inspector) to enforce code provisions. The authorities also depend a great deal on insurance company inspectors to see that boilers and pressure vessels are maintained in a safe condition. 

Equipment should be supported in such a way that it will not rest in pools of hquid or on damp insulating material. Porous insulation should be weatherproofed or otherwise protected from moisture and spills to avoid contact of the wet material with the equipment. Specifications should be sufficiently comprehensive to ensure that the desired composition or type of material will be used and the right condition of heat treatment and surface finish will be provided. Inspection during fabrication and prior to acceptance is desirable. 

All pressure vessels should be tested, inspected, and marked in accordance with code requirements. FurUier inspection of field fabrication vessels may include Uie radiography of all seams and oUier pertinent tests. 

All bought-in items of plant, especially those supplied without adequate materials certification, should be subject to random inspection. Portable instruments are available for many types of non-destructive examination, chemical analysis and mechanical testing of fabricated items of plant. 

The Steel Tank Institute (STI) publishes construction standards and recommended installation practices pertaining to ASTs fabricated to STI technologies. STI s recommended installation practices are notable for their applicability to similar respective technologies SPOOl-06, Standard for Inspection of In-Service Shop Eabricated Aboveground Tanks for Storage of Combustible and Elammable Liquids... 

For inspection of large field-erected tanks, API 653, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction, is referenced by the US EPA. A certified inspector must inspect tanks. US EPA references the Steel Tank Institute Standard SPOOl-06, Standard for Infection of In-Service Shop Fabricated Aboveground Tanks for Storage of Combustible and Flammable Liquids, as an industry standard that may assist an owner or operator with the integrity testing and inspection of shop-fabricated tanks. The STI SPOOl-06 standard includes inspec-... 

Requirements for vessels fabricated by forging in Part UF include unique design requirements with particular concern for stress risers, fabrication, heat treatment, repair of defects, and inspection. Vessels fabricated by brazing are covered in Part UB. Brazed vessels cannot be used in leth service, for unfired steam boilers, or for direct firing. Permitted brazing processes as well as testing of brazed joints for strength are covered. Fabrication and inspection rules are also included. 

Inspection of the fabric attribute dimensions for all location points revealed that certain attributes were either absent or unrecognizable. These attributes are fiber bundle, fiber single, fiber crimp, fiber surface, fiber pattern, yarn type, and yarn twist direction. Therefore, these attributes were deleted from the statistical analysis. The remaining attributes were either present at all location points or exhibited variation. These attributes included the three (layers, 1/1, and float) whose interactive effects had direct relevance to the research hypothesis, and the following fiber and yarn attributes paired fibers, 0 twist, combined yarns, yarn system A, yarn systems A + B, yarn systems A + B + C + D, fabric distortion, red, green, and black. 

Vessels larger in diameter than about 30 in (0.672 m) and above are fabricated from plates, which are formed into cylinders, called shells, and welded longitudinally. Shells smaller than 30 in (0.672) may be extraded and thus will not contain a longitudinal weld. Shells may then be joined by welding circumferentially to form longer shells. After fabricating the shell, end caps, called heads, are welded to the shell to form the vessel. Because the weld may have imperfections, the radial stress will be less than its maximum value. Thus, S is multiplied by a joint or weld efficiency, s, which depends on the type of x-ray inspection of the weld. Thus,... 

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