Insight questioning

The visualization of trade-offs involving risk and uncertainty is clearly one such powerful aid to insight. Questions frequently encountered are Where should in silico and other predictive technologies best be applied within the R D process What workflows involving such technologies add most value What should be the approach to selecting cutoffs ... 

The following section presents a systematic discussion of the concepts and actions depicted in Figure 9-9. The starting point for the flowchart is the accumulation of facts, information, observations, insights, questions, and preliminary speculations gained from the evidence collection activities described previously. 

The accumulation of facts, information, observations, insights, questions, and preliminary speculations gained from the evidence collection activities. 

We thank, at Oxera, Gareth Davies, and at The Carbon Trust, James Wilde, for comments on this article, and Amra Topcagic for her contribution to the Oxera research. We also thank the referees for their insightful questions and helpful suggestions. 

The aim here is not to give exhaustive descriptions, but to emphasize the questions being asked and the information obtained. With a few exceptions the studies are mechanistic in nature, and we will show the additional, sometimes critical, insight gained over traditional nondynamics studies. 

C. Daniel, App/ications of Statistics to lndustria/Experimentation, ]oE Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1976. This book is based on the personal experiences and insights of the author, an eminent practitioner of industrial appHcations of experimental design. It provides extensive discussions and concepts, especially in the areas of factorial and fractional factorial designs. "The book should be of use to experimenters who have some knowledge of elementary statistics and to statisticians who want simple explanations, detailed examples, and a documentation of the variety of outcomes that may be encountered." Some of the unusual features are chapters on "Sequences of fractional repHcates" and "Trend-robust plans," and sections entided, "What is the answer (what is the question )," and "Conclusions and apologies."... 

Sampling locations for the unit test should be readily and safely accessible. The sample gatherer should be able to easily access the sample point. An isolation valve should be installed at the location. If a blind is installed, this should be modified in advance of the test. The sample locations shown on the P IDs must be compared against the actual locations on the equipment. Experienced operators may provide insight into the suitability of the location in question. 

The specific role of each amino acid residue for the function of the protein can be tested by making specific mutations of the residue in question and examining the properties of the mutant protein. By combining in this way functional studies in solution, site-directed mutagenesis by recombinant DNA techniques, and three-dimensional structure determination, we are now in a position to gain fresh insights into the way protein molecules work. 

In order to make the mathematics tractable, approximations must be made. The choice of approximations has produced a variety of MO methods, the judicious application of which can provide valuable insight into questions of bonding, structure, dynamics, and reactivity. The discussion that follows will not be sufficiently detailed or complete for the reader to understand how the calculations are performed or the details of the approximations. Instead, the nature of the information that is obtained will be described, and the ways in which organic chemists have applied the results of MO theoiy will be illustrated. Several excellent books are available which provide detailed treatment of various aspects of MO methods. 

The decision maker must weigh the qualitative and quantitative PSA insights and other information. There is no cookbook answer to this question, because it will depend heavily on the nature of the issue, the results of the PSA, the nature of other information, and other factors affecting overall ludgmcnt. The PSA should provide for the following needs ... 

Nasal vasculature may offer some insight into this question, though research to date has been equivocal. Nasal turbinate vessels can be classified as either capacitance vessels or resistive vessels. Capacitance vessels appear to vasodilate in response to infection while resistance vessels appear to respond to cold stimuli by vasoconstriction. Buccal vascular structures also respond to thermal stimuli but appear to respond principally to cutaneous stimuli. How pharyngeal and tracheobronchial submucosal vessels react to thermal stimuli is not known, though cold-induced asthma is believed to result from broncho-spasms caused by susceptible bronchial smooth muscle responding to exposure to cold dry air.- This asthmatic response suggests an inadequate vascular response to surface cooling. 

Assessing your target audience s knowledge base and information needs is not aiways an exact science, nor does it need to be an exhaustive process. Reiy on your own judgment and experience and seek out the opinions of others whose insights you trust. The key question you need to answer at this point is. How much information does this person need from me to make an inteiligent decision ... 

Lessons Learned. It s very early in the game to make predictions about what changes may be needed as a result of the Manwood test. However, there are already some useful insights that the Task Force expects to factor into the PSM installation plan for the division. These include 1) We need to be very clear in introducing PSM to our employees, and take time to answer their questions. Orientation meetings should be at least 90 minutes, not the one hour we had scheduled. 2) Getting valid feedback takes some effort personnel need to know we mean it when we say we want constructive criticism. 3) Close collaboration between the Task Force and the facility manager is absolutely vital. 

The components of each factor can be evaluated at two levels of detail. An example of these levels for the factor "Procedures and Job Aids" is provided in Figure 2.12. If the question indicates that the first level (e.g., content and reliability) is deemed to be inadequate then more questions are available at the next level of detail (the topic level) to provide additional information on the nature of the problem. For each topic, further questions are provided at a greater level of detail. These detailed questions (diagnostics) are intended to pinpoint the precise nature of a deficiency and also to provide insights for remedial action. 

Checklists are quick and easy to apply. The answers to the questions in the checklist provide insights into remedial strategies. 

This example illustrates that when the resources and personalities of both sides remain fixed in a conflict, how well side X does over side Y does not necessarily scale monotonically with X s sensor capability. As one side is forced to assimilate more and more information (with increasing sensor range), there will inevitably come a point where the available resources will be spread too thin and the overall fighting ability will therefore be curtailed. Agent-based models such as EINSTein are well suited for providing insights into more operationally significant questions such as, How must X s resources and/or tactics (i.e., personality) be altered in order to ensure at least the same level of mission performance ... 

Users are also given an opportunity to construct a context for understanding their own conjectures about dynamical combat behavior. The agent-based simulation is therefore a medium in which questions and insights continually feed off of one another. 

Interpreting CA in this much broader light, this chapter addresses the following basic question What general insights does the study of cellular automata give -both on the micro- or macro-scale into the way our universe works T Unless otherwise stated, whenever we use the phrase CA-like in this chapter, we mean any formalism that adheres to the three (or four) basic properties of cellular automata listed above. 

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