Insecticides protectants

For these diseases that are spread by insect vectors, the use of insecticides, protective clothing, and insect repellents can greatly reduce the incidence of the disease. Unfortunately, many of these protozoal infections also... 

Chlordane interacts with other chemicals to produce additive or more-than-additive toxicity. For example, chlordane increased hepato-toxic effects of carbon tetrachloride in the rat, and in combination with dimethylnitrosamine acts more than additively in producing liver neoplasms in mice. Chlordane in combination with either endrin, methoxychlor, or aldrin is additive or more-than-additive in toxicity to mice. Protein deficiency doubles the acute toxicity of chlordane to rats. In contrast, chlordane exerts a protective effect against several organophosphoms and carbamate insecticides, protects mouse embryos against influenza viras infection, and mouse newborns against oxazolone delayed hypersensitivity response. 

Between 1979 and 1991, the amounts of herbicide apphed in the United States have remained constant, but the expenditures on herbicides have increased 54%. Agricultural costs accounted for ah. of this increase and more, since herbicide user expenditures in the government/commercial and home sectors combined dropped 3 to 4% during that period. Increased weed control costs related to crop protection have also contributed to the 37% increase, since 1988, in total annual user expenditures for pesticides in general, ie, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. In the United States, agricultural uses (ca 1993) account for more than 67% of total pesticide user expenses and 75% of the quantity used annually. Herbicides are now the lea ding type of pesticides in terms of both user expenditures and volumes used (1). 

Sulfur and its compounds are among the oldest and most widely used pesticides. Elemental sulfur is especially effective as a dust for the control of mites attacking citms, cotton, and field crops and as a protectant against chiggers, Trombicula spp., attacking humans. Sulfur also is a valuable fungicidal diluent for other dust insecticides and is used in wettable form as a spray mixture. Time sulfur has been a standard dormant spray for the control of the San Jose Quadraspidiotuspemiciosus and for other scales and various plant diseases. Time sulfur is a water-soluble mixture of calcium pentasulfide,... 

Methyl acetoacetate (MAA) and ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) are the most widely used esters they are found ia the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and allied industries. Both esters are used extensively as amine protecting agents ia the manufacture of antibiotics and synthetic sweeteners (Dane Salts) (147). Principal outiets for MAA are the manufacture of the organophosphoms insecticide dia2inon [33341-5] (148,149) and the uracil herbicides bromacil [31440-9] and terbacil [5902-51-2] (150,151) (see Insect conztiol technology Herbicides). 

Plant Protection. Lecithin (0.5—10%) and phosphohpid fractions ate used in fertilizers (qv), herbicides (qv), insecticides, and fungicides as emulsifiers or to increase the effectiveness of the active ingredient (45). In insecticides (0.5—5% lecithin), lecithin is used for improved emulsification, spreading, penetration, and adhesion (see Insectcontroltechnology). 

US. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Kodenticide Hct as Hmended, FIFRA as passed in 1947 amended as the Federal Environmental Pesticide ControlA.ct (1972), 540/09-89-012, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., rev. Oct. 1988. 

Zinc phosphate, Zn2(P0 2> forms the basis of a group of dental cements. Chromium and zinc phosphates are utilized in some metal-treating appHcations to provide corrosion protection and improved paint adhesion. Cobalt(II) phosphate octahydrate [10294-50-5] Co2(P0 2 8H20, is a lavender-colored substance used as a pigment in certain paints and ceramics. Copper phosphates exhibit bioactivity and are used as insecticides and fungicides. Zinc, lead, and silver phosphates are utilized in the production of specialty glasses. The phosphate salts of heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, and Cu, are extremely water insoluble. 

The two main federal agencies involved in the protection of human health and the environment are the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). EPA s principal concern is the protection of the environment, in most cases, the area outside of an industrial faciUty. There are 10 regional offices that carry out the regulatory functions of the agency (Table 1). Primary laws covered by EPA are the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA), the Clean Water Act (CWA), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and LiabiUty Act (CERCLA), Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), and Eederal Insecticide, Eungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). 

Bunte salts have bacterial, insecticidal, and fungicidal properties, and are also used as chelating agents (qv) or surfactants (qv) (97,98). Bunte salts have been tested for preirradiation protection for mammals exposed to lethal radiation doses (99,100) (see Radioprotectiveagents). 

In devising strategies to prevent insect attack on processed woolens, it is appropriate to aim only to protect processed wool goods and to control the principal domestic pest species. This is usually achieved by incorporation of an insecticide into those goods required to be protected, usually from the dyebath while the articles are being dyed, and methods for protection of wool goods have been reviewed (122). 

Approximately 5% of the U.S. consumption of is in agriculture. Boron is a necessary trace nutrient for plants and is added in small quantities to a number of fertilizers. Borates are also used in crop sprays for fast rehef of boron deficiency. Borates, when apphed at relatively high concentration, act as nonselective herbicides. Small quantities of borates are used in the manufacture of alloys and refractories (qv). Molten borates readily dissolve other metal oxides usage as a flux in metallurgy is an important apphcation. Other important small volume apphcations for borates are in fire retardants for both plastics and ceUulosic materials, in hydrocarbon fuels for fungus control, and in automotive antifreeze for corrosion control (see Corrosion and corrosion inhibitors). Borates are used as neutron absorbers in nuclear reactors. Several borates, which are registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can be used for insecticidal purposes, eg, TIM-BOR. 

The main applications of mono-, di-, or ttichlorophenols are in agrochemicals and for pentachlorophenol in wood protection. 2-Chlorophenol is used chiefly in the manufacture of an insecticide [41198-08-7] (55,56)... 

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