Insect defense against

Cost of Resistance. Even though insect defenses against plant allelochemicals carry energy costs (68. 691, there... 

PARE, P.W., TUMLINSON, J.H., Plant volatiles as a defense against insect herbivores, Plant Physiol., 1999,121, 325-332. 

Hay ME, Duffy JE, Fenical W (1990) Host-plant specialization decreases predation on a marine amphipod an herbivore in plant s clothing. Ecology 71 733-743 Hay ME, Duffy JE, Pfister CA, Fenical W (1987) Chemical defense against different marine herbivores are amphipods insect equivalents Ecology 68 1567-1580 Hay ME, Fenical W (1992) Chemical mediation of seaweed-herbivore interactions. In John DM, Hawkins SJ, Price JH (eds) Plant-animal interactions in the marine benthos. Clarendon, Oxford, pp 319-337... 

T uomi J, Niemela P, Chapin FS, Bryant JP, Siren S (1988) Defensive responses of trees in relation to their carbon/nutrient balance. In Mattson JB (ed) Mechanisms of woody plant defense against insects search for patterns. Springer, New York, pp 57-72 Van Alstyne KL (1988) Herbivore grazing increases polyphenolic defenses in the intertidal brown alga Fucus distichus. Ecology 69 655-663... 

Yuan JS, Kollner TG, Wiggins G, Grant J, Degenhardt J, Chen F (2008) Molecular and genomic basis of volatile-mediated indirect defense against insects in rice. Plant J 55 491-503... 

Valderrama, X., Robinson, J. G., Attygalle, A. B., Athula, B., and Eisner, T. (2000). Seasonal anointment with millipedes in a wild primate a chemical defense against insects. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26,2781-2790. 

Throughout history, mankind has always been interested in naturally occurring compounds from prebiotic, microbial, plants and animals sources. Various extracts of flowers, plants and insects have been used for isolating compounds whose task, color and odor could be used for various purposes. Many natural products, such as plant hormones, have a regulatory role, while others function as chemical defense against pests. The role of certain compounds is to act as chemical messengers, such as sex-attractants (pheromones) in insects, terrestrial and marine animals and humans. What is the origin of natural products ... 

We have tested the hypothesis that even susceptible host plants have defenses against insect attack In contrast to an artificial diet containing low concentrations of defensive allelochemlcals and having no morphological means of defense. A few species of Insects have been observed to have Increased fecundity and growth on artificial diets compared to preferred plants (, 51). 

Contribution 86-123-B from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Research reported here supported by University of Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station Hatch Project 215, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Hatch Project 470, and the University of Delaware Research Foundation project Plant Defense Against Insect Attack. 

Plant toxins have been known for many centuries. Rotenoids (rotenone), alkaloids (nicotine, coniine, strychnine), terpenoids (ovabin and hymenovin) are among the classes of natural products which provide numerous toxins (3-12). Toxins in plants often have the role of feeding repellents. They appear to be synthesized by plants as a defense against insects and other animals. 

Under these competitive conditions for space and resources, tropical plants have evolved a variety of signaling secondary metabolites. Some serve to attract pollinator insects, other ones as a defense against grazers and parasites. This makes the tropical land a center of high natural product diversity. 

Plants have developed various mechanisms of defense against phytophagus Insects. Two defensive morphological features are trichomes and glands. Trichomes may be halr-llke or glandular. 

Immunization of Plants by Attenuated Forms of Pathogens. As has been argued by Kuc and Caruso (47), plants can be immunized to achieve higher levels of resistance to pathogens. Similar mechanisms may conceivably provide a line of defense against phytophagous insects without the challenge-independent accumulation of defensive compounds. 

Broadway, R. M., Duffey, S. S., Pearce, G. and Ryan, C. A. (1986). Plant proteinase-inhibitors a defense against herbivorous insects. Entomologia Experimentalis etApplicata 41 33-38. 

Plant volatiles as a defense against insect herbivores. Plant Physiology 121 325-331. 

Eisner, T., Eisner, M., Rossini, C. et al. (2000). Chemical defense against predation in an insect egg. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97 1634-1639. 

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