Inoculum pressure

A review of the available literature allows a hierarchical ranking of the importance of different factors that influence the pre-harvest infection of cereal grains by Fusarium weather/climate (year) > inoculum pressure/tillage/ previous crop > fungicides > available plant nitrogen. The individual factors related to other fungi are described in separate sections below. 

Inoculum pressure/tillage/previous crop effects on fungal infection and mycotoxin loads... 

While the temperature and pressure conditions and inoculum usage may be practical, the reaction time, the investigated scale and the discontinuous nature of the process contribute to the difficulty of using this process for pretreatment operations. However, in cases where low throughput is needed, such as in the post-treatment of exhaust gases, this process would probably become a candidate to be considered. 

Methods to estimate digestibility which avoid the necessity for fistulation include gas production from feeds incubated with faecal inoculums using an automatic pressure evaluation system, and various digestion marker methods (see below). The concentration of marker in the feed and faeces may be used to calculate the apparent digestibility of nutrient components (such as crude protein) by employing the following equation ... 

Cells are loaded into the syringe when no needle is in place. The negative pressure combined with the relatively small bore of a needle causes damage and death to a relatively large number of cells. Of course, the sensitivity of cells to this particular manipulation is cell line-dependent. Until proven otherwise, it is better to be safe than sorry. As soon as the inoculum is loaded into the syringe, This makes the subsequent process of injection easier since it is easier to see the amount injected. 

When investigating cell kinetics, it is very important to control precisely the physicochemical parameters of the medium, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and osmotic pressure. It is also important to define precisely the state of the inoculum, which may have a significant effect on the progress of the culture. During the culture, one measures at regular time intervals the concentrations of living and dead cells, of the major nutrients and metabolites and of excreted proteins. 

Slowly pump the inoculum into the bed with air pressure (hand pump), being careful not to introduce air bubbles into the system. 

In general, potted plants are treated with technical compound dissolved in 1 1 2, methanol acetone water, by spraying the seedling foliage past run-off. Inoculum is applied within 24 hrs. of spraying and the plants incubated 5 to 8 days before disease pressure is evaluated. Detailed test procedures are given in reference 1L... 

Anaerobic Metabolism, To examine the extent of anaerobic chloroaromatic metabolism, we undertook a study in which sediments from the upper Hudson River, the lower Hudson River, and the East River were used as inoculum (33, 34). Each monochlorophenol isomer (2-, 3-, and 4-chloro-phenol, CP) and each monochlorobenzoate isomer (2-, 3-, and 4-chloroben-zoate, CB) was used as substrate. Duplicate or triplicate cultures were established under three anaerobic conditions denitrifying, sulfidogenic, and methanogenic. The initial concentration of each of the chloroaromatic compounds was 0.1 mM incubation was at 30 °C in the dark. Substrates were quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography N2 and CH4 were analyzed by gas chromatography nitrate and sulfate were determined by colorimetric methods or by ion chromatography (33, 34). 

Apart from continuous sterilizers, pumps are a minor concern in the fermentation department. A simple way to transfer inoculum from a large laboratory flask to a seed fermenter, without removing the back pressure on the vessel, is to use a peristaltic pump. Connect the sterile adapter (which is attached to the flask) to the seed fermenter by sterile technique. Install the gum rubber tubing in the pump, open the hose clamp and start the pump. 

Inoculum from seed fermenters and sterile feeds are transferred to the fermenter by air pressure. Centrifugal pumps (316 S/S) are used to pump non-sterile raw materials, slurries, harvested broth, etc. The centrifugal pumps and piping should be cleaned immediately after a transfer has been completed. Occasionally a specialty pump may be required. 

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