Inner ear

Intensive, critical studies of a controversial topic also help to eliminate the possibility of errors. One of my favorite quotations is by George von Bekesy, a fellow Hungarian-born physicist who studied fundamental questions of the inner ear and hearing (Nobel Prize in medicine, 1961) ... 

Cochlea A snail-shaped fluid-filled organ of the inner ear, lined on its inner surface with specialized hair cells that convert sound pressure vibrations into nerve impulses. 

Conductive hearing loss Hearing loss that is caused by blockage or other interference in the path by which sound energy is transferred to the inner ear. 

Sensory hearing loss Irreversible hearing loss resulting from damage to the inner ear tissue that translates sound pressure into nerve impulses. 

Gehfirwasser, n. Anat.) fluid of the inner ear, liquor Cotunii. 

Everything is so finely balanced by suavity that it is like having an inner ear with more interesting friends than yours. 

In the inner ear, ENaC is expressed in supporting cells surrounding hair cells and is postulated to play a role in the low sodium concentration of endolymph, critical for proper mechanotransduction and hearing. 

GLAST/EAAT1 (SLC1A3) Glial cells in cerebellum, retina, inner ear 5-70 ... 

Ototoxicity describes a harmful effect on the inner ear, especially the sensory cells in the cochlea and the vestibular organ. Aminoglycosides are an example of drugs with ototoxic side effects. 

These drugp appear to act primarily by inhibiting the CTZ or by depressing the sensitivity of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear. Those that act on the CTZ... 

Otic preparations are instilled in the external auditory canal and may be used to relieve pain, treat infection and inflammation, and aid in the removal of earwax. When the patient has an inner ear infection, systemic antibiotic therapy is indicated. 

Figure 9.3. The human ear is divided into three main parts. The outer ear collects sound and directs it down the ear canal towards the eardrum. The size of the eardrum, comhined with the lever action of the three hones of the middle ear, ensures the efficient conduction of sound from the ear canal, which is filled with air, to the inner ear, which is filled with a liquid. Very small muscles, not shown here, are cormected to these bones to protect the ear from very lond sounds. The inner ear consists of two parts. Only the cochlea is shown, which is the part of the human ear that is responsible for converting sound into electrical signals in the auditory nerve. The other part of the inner ear, the vestibular organ, is involved in balance.

Decongestant. Elder helps to move phlegm and clear sinus congestion, inner ear infection, hay fever and bronchial congestion. Part used flowers. 

TRPV4 was identified a decade ago as an osmotransducer that is expressed in lung, heart, kidney, airway muscle cells, sensory neurons, brain, skin, gut, sympathetic nerves, inner ear, endothelium, and fat tissue [58-61]. TRPV4 is activated by heat (27-34°C), endogenous substances such as anandamide (59, AA) and the arachi-donic acid metabolite 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (60, 5,6-EET), a plant dimeric diterpenoid bisandrographolide A (61, BAA), and the semisynthetic phorbol ester 4a-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (62, 4a-PDD) [62],... 

Hair cells are specialized mechanoreceptors located in the inner ear these cells transduce mechanical forces transmitted by sound and head movement, and permit an organism to sense features of the external world. Well-characterized biophysically, a molecular description of hair-cell transduction has finally begun to emerge. 

The identified genes code for a variety of proteins, including transcription factors that are important for inner-ear development, cytoskeleton proteins that are responsible for the specialized architecture of hair cells, extracellular matrix molecules that make up some of the specialized acellular structures of the inner ear, and still others whose function is not yet clear. 

The surprise is that genes clearly involved in mechano-transduction have not yet been identified by the deafness-gene approach. Clearly disruption of hair-cell function at many levels can lead to deafness, so it is expected that deafness genes include those involved in inner-ear development, in ion balance in the endolymph, and in structural integrity of hair cells. Examination of deafness genes in zebrafish has been particularly thorough, however, and... 

Hasson, T. et al. Unconventional myosins in inner-ear sensory epithelia. /. Cell Biol. 137 1287-1307,1997. 

Examples of drugs that can give permanent damage to the inner ear or acoustic nerve are antibiotics (aminoglycosides) and chemotherapy (cisplatin). Other more commonly used drugs can give reversible ototoxity with vertigo. 

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