Innate immunity biomaterials

Nilsson B, Korsgren O, Jd L et al (2010) Can cells and biomaterials in therapeutic medicine be shielded from innate immune recognition Trends Immunol 31 32-38... 

The focus of this chapter is to discuss recent progress in developing tissue engineered scaffolds for modulating innate immune responses for tissue repair. Specifically, important design variables for biomaterial scaffolds that influence the fate of neutrophils and macrophages are highlighted. 

Ekdahl, K.N., Lambris, J.D., Elwing, H., Ricklin, D., Nilsson, P.H., et al. Innate immunity activation on biomaterial surfaces a mechanistic model and coping strategies. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 63,1042-1050 (2011)... 

Weilhammer, D.R., Blanchette, C.D., Fischer, N.O., Alam, S., Loots, G.G., Corzett, M., Thomas, C., Lychak, C., Dunkle, A.D., Ruitenberg, J.J., Ghanekar, S.A., Sant, A.J., Rasley, A. The use of nanolipoprotein particles to enhance the immunostimulatory properties of innate immune agonists against lethal influenza challenge. Biomaterials 34,10305-10318 (2013)... 

The biocompatibility of a biomaterial is primarily related to its interaction with the innate immune system, ie, ultimately the inflammatory response that is induced. Factors that influence such response include physicochemical and stmctural properties of the surface and the total surface area of the material. For a biodegradable material, these properties change over time and for most polymers, the pH also decreases in the tissue adjacent to the material during degradation. Consequently, the biocompatibility of a biomaterial needs to be reassessed at different steps, because a degrading material no longer possesses the properties of the original, biocompatible material. 

Besides the innate immune system that has always been considered the main factor responsible for the biomaterial-associated host responses, the acquired immune system may also start to reveal an important role in these responses. Interestingly, these developments coincide with the emergence of new concepts in macrophage be-haviom, where it is recognized that these cells that orchestrate the tissue response can adapt to different phenotypes ranging from the proinflammatory Ml (classically activated) to the prohealing M2 (alternatively activated), most likely in a continuous spectrum of activities (Scislowska-Czamecka et al., 2012 Mosser and Edwards, 2008). 

The innate immune system has for a long time been recognized as the main system responsible for the host response to a biomaterial implantation, yet recently there is a growing interest in the role of the adaptive immune system in this response. Biomaterials have gradually evolved towards combinatorial materials, including... 

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