Injection Phase

The machine s structural units move to the next operating status (Figme 7-3). 

The clamping unit moves the two halves of the mold together. A clamping force is built up, thus locking the mold tightly. 

The plasticating unit moves up to the mold s sprue bush. The nozzle is opened, and the material located in the screw s ante-chamber is injected into the mold by the forward movement of the screw. 

The controls must ensure that the structural unit movements are coordinated, while proceeding at the intended speeds and pressures. This places high demands on the precision of the controls. 

The hydraulic system must exert its highest power-output during the injection phase. Besides maintaining the clamping force, the hydraulic system must also be able to inject the plastics melt into the cavity at high, but precise, speed. To accomplish this, the hydraulic system must overcome the resistance offered by nozzle and mold. 

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Operator failure to switch over from the coolant injection phase to the recirculation phase... 

In all cases a connective tissue encapsulation of the injected phases was found, and, in most cases, some of the phase remained. In a few animals there were signs of irritation, either in the connective tissue capsule or in the surrounding tissue. Moreover, injections of the lamellar phase, which swell to the cubic phase in vivo, seemed to be slightly more irritating than injections of the fully swelled cubic phase, most probably due, in the former case, to dehydration of the surrounding tissue. However, no difference was found between sc and im administration. It should be noted that the monoolein used was not of pharmaceutical grade. 

Figure 9 represents a proposed work flow for any C02 storage project. It is possible to determine three mayor phases pre-injection, injection and post-injection phases. 

In general, most of the areas that could be suitable for storing C02 are not well explored geologically. For this reason, pre-injection phase is crucial to decrease the inherent risk in subsurface exploration. 

Considering the injection phase, control of the behaviour of injected C02 is one of the most important tasks. For instance, the control and monitoring strategy must ... 

Fuel injection phase with respect to pressure escillcrtion cycle... 

Figure 21.15 Transient system response to onset of control at time t = 0 in Case 3A (a) measured amplitude, (6) apparent frequency of pressure oscillations, and (c) fuel injection phase based on the controller frequency response... 

Select the injection pressure so low that the mold stays completely sealed during the whole injection phase. 

Steady-State Systems Bubbles and Droplets Bubbles are made by injecting vapor below the liquid surface. In contrast, droplets are commonly made by atomizing nozzles that inject liquid into a vapor. Bubble and droplet systems are fundamentally different, mainly because of the enormous difference in density of the injected phase. There are situations where each is preferred. Bubble systems tend to have much higher interfacial area as shown by Example 16 contrasted with Examples 14 and 15. Because of their higher area, bubble systems will usually give a closer approach to equilibrium. 

FIGURE 6.28 The principle of SCCE. Three groups of samples are given by the circled numbers 1, 2, and 3. The voltage-switching procedure is synchronized to group 2. (a) injection phase (b) during phase 1 (c) at the end of phase 1 (d) phase 2 (e) phase 3 (f) end of the cycle [648]. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Science. 

Figure 8.21 Principle of synchronized cyclic CE. Separation of three sample components (1, 2, and 3) over one cycle is illustrated. The direction of fluid flow and sample transport is indicated by the arrows LIF refers to the location of the detector. The voltage switching protocol is synchronized to cycle component 2 (A) injection phase. (B) time point during phase 1, (C) end of phase 1, (D) end of phase 2, (E) end of phase 3, and (F) end of phase 4 and end of first cycle. (Reprinted from Ref. 62 with permission.)...

The cycle starts with the plastification of the core component in the injection unit. Then the extruder moves to the bottom position, the injection unit moves forward to the extruder nozzle to link the nozzles of the extruder and the injection unit. The extruder starts plastification of the skin component and extrudes the melted skin component into the screw antechamber of the injection unit. Thus the skin and core components are located one after the other in the screw antechamber. After the extruder moved back to the top position, the injection unit moves forward to the mold followed by a conventional filling phase. Due to the fountain flow effect the first injected material forms the skin layer followed by the second component forming the core. Compared to the standard sandwich process the injection phase of the monosandwich process is less complicated as it is identical to the conventional injection molding process. 

In all cases the fraction of O2 or CO consumed by the catalyst is smaller than 50%. Finally, to simulate lean and rich working conditions of an engine, alternate pulses of CO or O2 are injected phase 3. 

ASP injection for this pilot test was started in January 1995, and the response (about 0.08 PV) was observed on March 30 of the same year. The water cut in the pilot area decreased from 96.6 to 80.7%. An emulsion problem was obvious in this pilot test. From one well sample, the emulsion viscosity was 40 mPa s, which is about twice the viscosity of unemulsifled fluid. However, it was observed that emulsions improved sweep efficiency. Table 13.12 reports the observations from the different injection phases, and Table 13.13 lists the oil concentrations in water after a 30-minute settlement. In this case, the demulsifier was SP169. For more details on this pilot test, see Wang et al. (1997c) and Wang et al. (2006b). 

Accutech Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction and Hot Gas Injection, Phase I Applications Analysis Report... 

Baumgartner 1998 Critical lower extremity ischemia Critical ischemia, resistant to maximal medical therapy, not surgical candidates Naked plasmid VEGF 165 Intramuscular injection Phase I 2-11 months Improved Ankle-Brachial index, exercise time, new vessels on angiogram, limb salvage, improved tissue integrity... 

Schumacher 1998 Myocardial ischemia Three-vessel disease and distal LAD disese after LIMA insertion FGF-1 protein Intramyocardial injection Phase I 12 wks to 3 yrs New vessels distal to LAD decreased angina and use of drugs... 

Rosengart 1999 Myocardial ischemia Symptomatic CAD, not amenable to revascularization Adenoviral VEGF 165 VATS intramyocardial injection Phase 1 30 d Not reported... 

Abstract Chalk is the constituent material of numerous oil reservoirs in North Sea. The mechanical behaviour of a saturated chalk has been largely studied. However, different aspects of its behaviour are not yet well understood material characteristics depend on the saturating fluids and chalk response is time-dependent. This paper proposes the PASACHALK numerical model an elasto-plastic constitutive law is presented, which reproduces the different plastic mechanisms of the chalk (pore collapse and shear failure) and the influence of pore fluids. The water sensitivity of this soft rock is explained by the existence of suction effects in chalk. Finally, a simulation of a hypothetical reservoir is proposed to show the response of the elasto-plastic model during depletion phase and water injection phase. 

All the reservoir edges are supposed to be impervious the fluids inflows or outflows come only through the wells. In this computations well pressures are controlled in order to reproduce a depletion and an injection phase. The production scheme is the one proposed by Homand (2000) and presented in Figure 4. 

When injection phase begins, the water-resaturation compaction is well predicted by the code. Additional deformations appear and are related to decrease of suction at the injection well. 

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