Injection of morphine and

Smith et al. (2003) used twice daily injections of morphine and implantation of morphine-containing pellets to study mechanisms of opioid tolerance in mice. 

Bot G, Chahl LA (1998) Fos-like immunoreactivity in tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P-like immunoreactive neurones in guinea-pig brain following intracerebroventricular injection of morphine and U50,488H. Addiction Biol 3 435 445. 

Injection of Morphine and Atropine, B.P.C. A sterile solution of morphine sulphate, 1 per cent, atropine sulphate, 0 06 per cent and sodium metabisulphite in water for injection. 

Considerable progress has also been made with the alternative line of work, the search for a synthetic analgesic as effective as morphine and without its disadvantages. The work of the American Committee has shown that it is possible to produce analgesics with a dibenzofuran or carbazole nucleus in place of the phenanthrene or phcnanthrylene oxide nucleus of morphine and it is stated that synthetic products with analgesic potency equal to that of codeine have been prepared. In the 1938 report moderate analgesic potency was recorded for preparation No. 421, 9-methyl-2-(l-hydroxy-3-diethylamino)-propylcarbazole at 10 mgm. by injection. 

Several investigators have shown that many of the physiological and behavioral effects of opioids can be conditioned. For example, environmental stimuli that have been paired with morphine administration can elicit morphine-like effects, such as hyperthermia, when presented in the absence of morphine [76-79], In line with these studies, our laboratory provided the first demonstration that alterations of immune status can be conditioned to environmental stimuli that have been paired with morphine administration [80-82], In that investigation, rats received subcutaneous injections of morphine in a distinctive environment. When rats subsequently were re-exposed to the distinctive... 

As for all opioids common adverse effects are constipation, slowed gastric emptying and biliary spasm. Urinary retention may occur. There is an increased risk of respiratory depression in young children and in the elderly. Allergic reactions are rare, but wheals and pain at the injection site due to histamine release may occur. CNS depressants will potentiate the depressant effects of morphine and that of other opioids. 

Stewart, Jane, and Paul Vezina. 1988. "A Comparison of the Effects of Intra-Accumbens Injections of Amphetamine and Morphine on Reinstatement of Heroin Intravenous Self-Administration Behavior." Brain Research 457 287-94. 

Stuart-Harris, R., S.P. Joel, P. McDonald, D. Currow, et al., The pharmacokinetics of morphine and morphine glucuronide metabolites after subcutaneous bolus injection and subcutaneous infusion of morphine, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 49(3), 207-214, 2000. 

The absorption of drugs in solution from intramuscular and subcutaneous sites of injection is limited by the perfusion rate. Failure to recognize this important concept has resulted in patient death. For example, morphine sulfate is often administered subcutaneously in a dose of 10 mg per 70 kg of body weight. This dose is sufficient to produce analgesia in 70% of patients with moderate to severe pain. However, in the setting of circulatory collapse and shock (e.g., septic shock in bacteremia due to release of endotoxin) in which the peripheral circulation may be impaired, morphine is not absorbed. Cases have been reported in which the lack of analgesia prompted the additional injection of morphine, all of which remained at the injection site and in the subcutaneous capillary bed. When the peripheral circulation improved, the massive amount of morphine that had collected became absorbed and death ensued, which was primarily due to respiratory depression. 

M. Dolezalova, IP HPLC determination of morphine and pseudomorphine in injections, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 70 507 (1992). 

Macrophages serve a number of immunological functions including cytokine production, phagocytosis of foreign organisms, and chemotaxis to sites of inflammation. Opioid receptors present on these cells modulate these activities in vivo. The subcutaneous injection of morphine, administered prior to... 

Stewart J, Vezina PA (1988) Comparison of the effects of intra-accumbens injections of amphetamine and morphine on reinstatement of heroin intravenous self-administration behavior. Brain Res 457(2) 287-294. 

Injections of morphine, which was in very short supply and badly needed for wounded soldiers And how long would it take one physician to give 21,000 injections ... 

Because of adsorption and degradation problems when using glass capillary columns for the analysis of morphine and codeine, Plotczyk preferred fused silica columns to the analysis of underivatized drugs, i.a. codeine. He used cold on-column injection and cross-linked poly-si loxane deactivated columns and obtained linear quantitation from 1 to 100 ng with precisions of 0.1-2 % for some of the drugs analyzed. 

Fia. 36. A chromatogram of an ether extract (see text) of 2.5 ml of urine containing 75 iig each of morphine and nalorphine per milliliter of urine. Residue was dissolved in 1(X) nl of ethanol 5 /tl of this solution were injected into the gas chromatograph. Column temperature 240° attenuation X 20. Reproduced from Street (Sll) with permission. 

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