Injectable polymers poly

The poly(vinyl acetal) prepared from acetaldehyde was developed in the early 1940s by Shawinigan Chemicals, Ltd., of Canada and sold under the trade name Alvar. Early uses included injection-molded articles, coatings for paper and textiles, and replacement for shellac. Production peaked in the early 1950s and then decreased as a result of competition from less expensive resins such as poly(vinyl chloride) (see Vinyl polymers, poly(vinyl chloride)). 

The group in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [55] has fabricated a macroscale device by depositing the conducting polymer (poly(/j-phenylenevinylene)) on the MWCNT film (Fig. 16). They have observed the characteristic rectifying effect from the l-V curve, which suggests the CNTs inject holes efficiently into the polymer layer. However, due to the difficulty in... 

D. Poplavsky, J. Nelson, and D.D.C. Bradley, Ohmic hole injection in poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) polymer light-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 83 707-709, 2003. 

FIGURE 16.13 Schematic representation of separation of a block copolymer poly(A)-block-poly(B) from its parent homopolymers poly(A) and poly(B). The elnent promotes free SEC elntion of all distinct constitnents of mixtnre. The LC LCD procednre with two local barriers is applied. Poly(A) is not adsorptive and it is not retained within colnmn by any component of mobile phase and barrier(s). At least one component of barrier(s) promotes adsorption of both the homopolymer poly(B) and the block copolymer that contains poly(B) blocks, (a) Sitnation in the moment of sample introdnction Barrier 1 has been injected as first. It is more efficient and decelerates elntion of block copolymer. After certain time delay, barrier 2 has been introdnced. It exhibits decreased blocking (adsorption promoting) efficacy. Barrier 2 allows the breakthrongh and the SEC elution of block copolymer but it hinders fast elution of more adsorptive homopolymer poly(B). The time delay 1 between sample and barrier 1 determines retention volume of block copolymer while the time delay 2 between sample and barrier 2 controls retention volume of homopolymer poly(B). (b) Situation after about 20 percent of total elution time. The non retained polymer poly(X) elutes as first. It is followed with the block copolymer, later with the adsorptive homopolymer poly(B), and finally with the non retained low-molar-mass or oligomeric admixture. Notice that the peak position has an opposite sign compared to retention time or retention volume Tr. 

Solvent extraction offers unique advantages among separation techniques. A system based on extraction into a polymer [poly(vinyl chloride)] as solvent was examined here because of possible advantages in speedy simplicity, sample size, solvent handlingy etc.f especially when coupled with flow injection and an amperometric detector. Solutes examined included salicylic acid and 8-hydroxy quinoline. The apparatus typically consisted of 0.8-mm i.d. X 170-cm coiled tubing that could be connected directly to the injection loop of a flow-injection amperometric detector system containing a nickel oxide electrode. 

Tables 6-9 give the device structures and performance metrics for monochromatic OLEDs that utilize organometallic emitters. Eigures 38-42 show the molecular structures for the various materials used in these devices. White OLEDs have also been prepared with these materials, but these will be discussed in a later section. Light-emitting electrochemical cells are treated in a separate section as well, since the finished devices have different operating characteristics than either of the other solution or vapor processed devices. Table 6 lists devices made solely with discrete molecular materials, while Table 7 gives data for devices made using polymeric materials. The only exception to the use of discrete molecular materials in Table 6 is for devices that use a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene polystyrene sulfonate) (PEDOT), as a material to enhance the efficiency for hole injection into the organic layer. The mode of preparation for a given device is listed with the device parameters in the...

Fakirov, S. and Fakirova, C., Direct determination of the orientation of short glass fibers in an injection-molded poly(ethylene terephthalate) system, Polym. Composites, 6, 41 (1985). 

FEL 06] Feller J.F., Roth S., Bourmaud A., Conductive polymer composites electrical, thermal, and rheological study of injected isotactic poly(propylene)/long stainless-steel fibers for electromagnetic interferences shielding . Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 100, pp. 3280-3287,2006. 

Mohamed, A., Finkenstadt, V.L., Rayas-Duarte, P. et al. (2009) Thermal properties of extruded and injection-molded poly(lactic acid)-based cuphea and lesquerella bio-composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 111, 114-124. 

Various thiophene-based polymers have been used to improve hole injection in OLEDs such as PTV [346], electrogenerated poly(2,2 -bithiophene) [347], or a starburst-polymer poly(tris[4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]amine 201 [348]. In the last case, an OLED was also reported [349]. Polymer 202 combining the electron-poor phenylquinoline units with dialkylbithiophenes has been proposed as electron-transport material [350,351]. 

Nearly Insulating vs. Conducting Polymers on Metallic Substrates Energy Level Alignment as a Function of Na-Doping at Poly(9,9-Dioctylfluorene)/Metal Interfaces Consequences for Charge Injection Barriers Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)-... 

Zhong G J, Li Z M, Li L B and Mendes E (2007) Crystalline morphology of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in injection molded poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/iPP microfibrillar blends, Polymer 48 1729-1740. 

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