Initiation electric field induced

This electric field-induced initiation concept is based on pulsed radiation. If a determination of a critical electric field is made in the absence of radiation it is probably not relevant to this area of radiation-induced effect since the critical field for an ionized material is likely to be very different from that for a non-ionized material... 

Schmidt K et al (2005) Influence of initial order on the microscopic mechanism of electric field induced alignment of block copolymer microdomains. Langmuir 21 (25) 11974—11980... 

Abstract A systematic overview of various electric-field induced pattern forming instabilities in nematic liquid crystals is given. Particular emphasis is laid on the characterization of the threshold voltage and the critical wavenumber of the resulting patterns. The standard hydrodynamic description of nematics predicts the occurrence of striped patterns (rolls) in five different wavenumber ranges, which depend on the anisotropies of the dielectric permittivity and of the electrical conductivity as well as on the initial director orientation (planar or homeotropic). Experiments have revealed two additional pattern types which are not captured by the standard model of electroconvection and which still need a theoretical explanation. 

Induced-Charge Electrokinetic Motion of Particle in a MicroChannel, Fig. 1 Charging process of an arbitrary shape conducting particle under a unifram applied electric field (a) initial electric field passing through the... 

B Measurement of the orientation of the dipole moment of the initial radical pair using the anisotropy of electric field induced changes of the first T step... 

These difficulties were not yet resolved when independent direct support for a unistep ET from to P+H" was claimed by measurements and analysis of the electric field induced anisotropy of the prompt fluorescence in RCs of Rb,sphaeroides at 80K [9]. However, the evaluation of the measured data might be more complex than assumed, e.g. by the uncertainty in the initial charge distribution of the dimer cation state on the time scale of charge separation. If we account for the asymmetric steady state charge distribution on P+ derived from magnetic resonance experiments and calculated in molecular orbital studies in RCs [11] the experimental results [9] would just as well be compatible with a two-step sequential mechanism [10]. 

From here the kinetic equation may be written for the electric field induced polarization in the system of v dipoles in a unit volume with initial arbitrary orientation ... 

Kini [29] considered the electric field-induced static modulated structures of nematic liquid crystals. The electric field E was applied parallel to the sample, and the initial uniform director orientation was tilted with respect to the sample boundaries in the plane normal to E. The formation of modulated structures was shown to be favored when a stabilizing magnetic field H of sufficient strength was applied along the initial director orientation. This type of modulated instability was observed in experiment [30]. 

Consider first the quenching of spin-polarized 2s ions in the absence of hyperfine structure or magnetic field effect . Then the 2sj state can decay by allowed Ml transitions, or by electric-field induced El or M2 transitions. An emitted photon is characterized by a propagation vector k and a polarization vector e, and the initial atomic state by a spin-polarization vector P. We choose a coordinate system such that k lies along the z-axis, and write e for the general case of elliptical polarization in the form... 

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