Initials reference format

Oedema refers to an accumulation of interstitial fluid to a point where it is palpable or visible. In general this point is reached with a fluid volume of 2-3 liters. Oedema formation is the result of a shift of fluid into the interstitial space due to primary disturbances in the hydraulic forces governing transcapillary fluid transport and of subsequent excessive fluid reabsorption by the kidneys. Deranged capillary hydraulic pressures initiate oedema formation in congestive heart failure, and liver cirrhosis whereas a deranged plasma oncotic pressure... 

The terms critical distance , bonding distance , encounter distance , contact distance , and van der Waals distance can be used interchangeably. They all refer to the distance at which a nucleophile and electrophile initiate bond formation. The longer two species remain at this distance, the faster the rate. 

This initial microcrack formation is reflected in a stress-strain curve by the deviation from the linear range of the elastic constants. In fact, the failure is analogous to the microcracks that form between spherulites when a semi-crystalline polymer is deformed. (Source Osswald, T.A. and G. Menges, Material Science of Polymers for Engineers, Hanser Publishers, New York, 1996). Refer also to Vulcanization, Peroxides, Peroxide Cross-Linking, Sulfur Vulcanization, and Vulcanizing Agents. 

The general mechanism of an addition polymerization includes four steps initiation, propagation, chain transfer and termination. Initiation refers to the formation of a growing polymer chain, typically of length n = 1 but occasionally with n = 2 or 3. Propagation refers to the addition of monomer units to the chain as in equation (4.1). Propagation is the predominant means for consuming monomer and is approximately first order with respect to monomer concentration, [A/]. The active chain, R, can be converted to inactive (dead) polymer, P, by chain transfer. Chain transfer to monomer is common to most vinyl polymerization mechanisms ... 

Therefore the retarding effect of sulphur is a d5mamic phenomenon. This means that carbon may be formed under certain conditions in spite of sulphur passivation — although at markedly reduced rates. However, the thermodynamic potential (approximately 30 kJ/mol) required to initiate carbon [389] formation was foimd to depend on the sulphur coverage as illustrated in Figure 5.47. This energy is much higher than that (approximately 2 kJ/mol) (refer to Table 5.4) required to initiate carbon formation on sulphur-free catalysts. 

The presence of LMs with abundances of a few times 10 has little effect on the abundances of small molecules such as CH, OH, CO and CN. However, as Table 6 shows, the LMs strongly affect the amounts of HD, and consequently the inferred deuterium abundances in diffuse clouds. The decrease in the HD abundance is caused mainly by the large reduction of both the H" " and D" concentrations through reactions (12), which initiate the formation of HD through reactions (5) and (6). As discussed above, the HD abundance depends on two disposable parameters the deuterium abundance Sp, where Sp= refers to [Dj/ H] = 1.5 X 10 , and the cosmic ray ionization rate Jo- If (o Is chosen to be constrained by the observed OH column densities, then the order of magnitude smaller HD column density observed toward f Oph compared with ( Per would imply a four times smaller deuterium abundance for the former cloud, in the absence of LMs. However, if LMs are included at the levels suggested by the atomic ionization balances, the inferred deuterium abundances for the two clouds are virtually the same, D]/[Hj=(1.5 0.5)xI0 . 

Initiation of protein synthesis in mammalian cells proceeds by a complex process whereby the assembly of mRNA, the ribosome, and initiator met-tRNAf into an initiation complex is catalyzed by a group of proteins called initiation factors. By definition, these proteins are not required for polypeptide chain elongation. A detailed discussion of this process, and the role of individual initiation factors can be found in this volume (Kaempfer, 1984), or in other recent reviews (Benne and Hershey, 1978 Jagus et al., 1981) which also contain pertinent references. Nine initiation factors have been highly purified from rabbit reticulocytes, and still other factors have been described which may serve auxiliary functions, or indeed may qualify as initiation factors in their own right. A very brief (and oversimplifed) description of the role of the nine, characterized initiation factors is listed below, along with the step in initiation complex formation in which each participates ... 

Mineral particles are often found imbedded in precipitating ice particles. These may be associated with the IN, or with the CCN that were involved in the initial droplet formation alternatively, they may be have been scavenged or captured by precipitating particles as they fall through clear air (see, for example, [54] and references therein). In-cloud scavenging occurs via thermophoresis and diffusiophoresis that is, motion of aerosol particles brought about by nonuniform-... 

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