Initial Operating Experience

REGENERATIVE FUEL CELLS OR REDOX FLOW BATTERIES 

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Krell, L., Moerle-Heynisch, T. and Wunsch, O., Steam drying in the Uelzen sugar factory initial operating experiences, Zuckerindustrie, 128 (2003) 366-370. 

Present State of Development of Combined Wet/Dry Cooling in the Federal Republic of Germany and Initial Operating Experience with Different Processes)... 

Jones, O., and Seber, E. Initial Operating Experience at Conoco s South Texas Multi-Solids FBC Steam Generator, Proc. Int. Conf. Fluid. Bed Combust., Volume Data 1982, 7th(2), 1136 (1983). 

From the foregoing it can be seen that the cathode is once again the more difficult electrode structure. Optimisation is proceeding, in parallel with initial operating experience. 

The vigorous commercial development at MTU in Germany is described on its web site. Initial operating experience with small 250/400 kWe... 

Paisley, M.A. et al. (1999).Commercial demonstration of the Battelle/FERCO biomass gasification process Startup and initial operating experience,Proceedings of the 4 Biomass Conference of the Americas, Oakland, CA,USA, pp. 1061-1066. 

SYNOPSIS This paper describes the commissioning and initial operating experience with the Winfrith SGHWR. The paper Is divided Into two main parts. Part A covers the operational aspects of commissioning and early operation and Part B gives the technical performance results which have been obtained during this period. 

Ercolani, D. and U. Tiberio. 1994. Start-up and Initial Operating Experience of Porto Torres Integrated Plant for Production and Utilization of Beneficiated Coal-Water Fuels. Proc. 19 International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization and Fuel Systems. Coal Slurry Technology Association. Clearwater, FL. pp. 9-20. 

Dingo, T. T., 1974, Initial Operating Experience with a Dual Alkali SO2 Removal System, Part I Process Performance with a Commercial Dual-Alkali SO2 Removal System Proceedings Symposium on Flue Gas Desulfurization, Atlanta, GA, November, Vol. 1, EPA-650/2-74-126a, December, pp. 519-538. 

Unfortunately for GE, the initial operating experience with the SIR was not good. Sodium is an aggressive material that can be difficult to contain. Because of the very reactive nature of the sodium, it is extremely important to exclude air, and especially water, from coming into contact wifli the liquid metal coolant. Leaks were a continual problem with the SIR prototype reactor, and it only operated until 1957 (Polmar and Moore, 2004),... 

Systematic review of plant design and operating experience to identify potential initiating events ... 

In companies in which senior management has strong operating experience, the concepts behind PSM are more likely to be self-evident. Similarly, some senior managers may have an ongoing interest in process safety and be knowledgeable about CCPS initiative. In these cases you can limit your preliminary discussion of PSM principles to a brief summary. 

Abused drugs generally produce pleasant effects that are desired by the user. However, while most individuals will experience these pleasant effects, not everyone abuses these drugs, and not everyone who abuses them becomes dependent on them. Why some persons abuse drugs while most people do not is a complex area of research. It appears that genetic, environmental, and cultural factors may all interact to predispose some individuals to substance abuse and subsequent dependence. The initial hedonic experiences secondary to use of drugs appear to be primarily due to their ability to activate the primary reward circuits in the brain. These same reward circuits operate under normal circumstances to reinforce certain activities that promote survival, such as food, social affiliation, or sexual activity. 

Reaction kinetics. The time-development of sorption processes often has been studied in connection with models of adsorption despite the well-known injunction that kinetics data, like thermodynamic data, cannot be used to infer molecular mechanisms (19). Experience with both cationic and anionic adsorptives has shown that sorption reactions typically are rapid initially, operating on time scales of minutes or hours, then diminish in rate gradually, on time scales of days or weeks (16,20-25). This decline in rate usually is not interpreted to be homogeneous The rapid stage of sorption kinetics is described by one rate law (e.g., the Elovich equation), whereas the slow stage is described by another (e.g., an expression of first order in the adsorptive concentration). There is, however, no profound significance to be attached to this observation, since a consensus does not exist as to which rate laws should be used to model either fast or slow sorption processes (16,21,22,24). If a sorption process is initiated from a state of supersaturation with respect to one or more possible solid phases involving an adsorptive, or if the... 

To examine an entire process from beginning to end (raw material suppliers to stability of the final product) as a unit operation. With this frame of reference, the important factors in ihe entire process and their effect on each other can be determined. The use of initial screening experiments on each of the individual steps would identify the important factors to include in the overall design. This is the only practical way to determine how the process is going to react at the high and low set points for each of the important factors in the process while the other important factors are at either their high or low set points. 

There are four stages in an automated instrument analysis. In the first stage, the instrument operator initiates the experiment by means of dialog programs on the minicomputer. Examples of the dialogs for the HPGPC operation are shown in Figures 1-4. 

Figure 6.20 illustrates a circuit that has been widely used. SW1 affords choice of anodic or cathodic current, SW2 initiates the experiment, and then SW1 may be used for current reversal. OA-3 is available for differentiating E with respect to t. A more advanced circuit (Fig. 6.21) incorporates an additional feedback loop and a comparator to perform cyclic chronopotentiometry with automatic switching. Operation of this circuit is perfectly analogous to the cyclic voltammetry circuit discussed in Section II.E. 

Research and engineering make vital contributions to the initial operating discipline, as to manufacturing people with experience in similar technology. Dow has found that plant operators can contribute valuable experience to the development of the discipline. 

When purchasing system software, standard instruments, microcontrollers, smart instruments, and standard software packages, it is the practice of organizations to initially rely on the history of the supplier and the industry operating experience as assurance of the supplier capability of program performance suitability. 

Stoots, C.M., J.E. O Brien (2008), Initial Operation of the High-temperature Electrolysis Integrated Laboratory Scale Experiment at INL , 2008 International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants, Anaheim, CA, USA, 8-12 June. 

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