Inheritance subtypes

Deficiency of the VIIFC portion of the Factor VIII complex results in classic hemophilia or hemophilia A and is inherited as a sex-linked recessive disorder. Based on the degree of deficiency of the VIIFC molecule three different forms of hemophilia A are recognized. Less than 1% VIIFC activity equals severe hemophilia A. Two to 10% of normal VIIFC activity equals moderately severe hemophilia A. Ten to 25% of normal VIIFC activity equals minimal symptomatic disease. Deficiency of the VIIFvWFAg portion of the Factor VIII complex results in von WiUebrand disease. There are at present five principal types of von WiUebrand disease and numerous subtypes or variants. For the most part, von WiUebrand disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant, and a few subtypes may be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. 

An example of the use of polyacrylamide gels in an ief system in combination with immun obi otting is given in Reference 40 where this method is used to detect low quantities of group specific component (GC) subtypes. Another example of polyacrylamide in combination with ief is given in Reference 41 where the technique is used as a screening tool for inheritance of a certain polymorphic protein. 

Smithies, O., Connell, G. E., and Dixon, G. H., Inheritance of haptoglobin subtypes. Nature In press. 

A subtype extends the specification of its supertype. It inherits all properties (attributes and invariants) of the supertype and adds its own specifics. Because all supertype properties still apply to it and because its members must conform to all properties, every member of a subtype is also a member of its supertype a subtype s members are a subset of its supertype members. 

A subtype is not a subclass. Specifically, a subtype in a model does not imply that an OOP class that implements the subtype should subclass from another OOP class that implements the supertype. Subclassing is one particular mechanism for inheriting implementation with certain forms of overriding of implementation however, with subtyping there is no overriding of specifications, only extension. 

America90] America, P. 1990. Parallel Object-Oriented Language with Inheritance and Subtyping. In OOPSLA Proceedings 90. 

Type II hyperlipoproteinemia has been divided inlutyrc I la and Ilb. Type I la is characterized by elevated levels LDL (j3-lipoproteins) and nomral levels of triglyceiiilr This subtype disorder is very common and may be ciusx by disturbed catabolism of LDL. Type Ilb differs ffomiyp lla. in that this hyperlipidemia has elevated VLDL Mdietary restrictions on eholcsteml and. saturated fuLs Tlii type of hyperlipoproteinemia responds to some fomi i ... 

Type 2 von Willebrand disease, diagnosed in 9% to 30% of affected patients, is characterized by a qualitative abnormality of von Willebrand factor. Bleeding manifestations may be more severe than with type 1 disease. Inheritance is most often autosomal dominant, but may be recessive. Type 2 von Willebrand disease may be further subdivided into four variants. Type 2A is the most frequent subtype and is characterized by a reduced von Willebrand factor-platelet interaction and an absence of high- and intermediate-molecular-weight factor multimers. Type 2B is a less common variant in which there is an abnormal von Willebrand factor that has an increased affinity for the platelet glycoprotein Ib receptor. This is associated with thrombocytopenia, which is usually mild. In addition, there are usually no high-molecular-weight forms of von Willebrand factor. Type 2M... 

Transmission of PrP fragment sizes from two different subtypes of inherited prion disease to transgenic mice expressing a chimeric human mouse PrP has also been reported (Telling et al., 1996). These... 

Of the four subtypes of Niemann-Pick disease, type A is the most severe. It is inherited as a recessive disorder (i.e., a defective copy of the gene must be inherited from each parent) that results in an absence of the enzyme sphingomyelinase. The absence of this enzyme causes the storage of large amounts of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in the brain, bone marrow, liver, and spleen. 

There are several subtypes of this disease, corresponding to different mutations and patterns of inheritance. 

Specialized subtypes of abstract module types can be specified as illustrated in lines 63-72. There, cpuc l, cpuc 2 and cpuc 3 inherit aU Behaviors, Guards- and Cause-Conditions of the abstract module cpuc and are specialized by the newly defined conditions. The concrete instances of these abstract modules are defined as cpuci in the modules cm l, cm 2 and cm 3 (see lines 124-139). In this way it is possible to build up a hierarchy of modules with different (sub-)module types in each hierarchy layer. 

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is an autosomal dominantly inherited form of diabetes typically diagnosed before the age of 25 years that is characterised by 3-cell dysfunction. There are a number of MODY subtypes caused by mutations in different P-cell genes. The two most common subtypes in the UK are GCK-MODY due to inactivating GCK mutations and HNFIA-MODY due to inactivating mutations in a key transcription factor regulating insulin synthesis and secretion (HNFIA or hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha gene name HNFIA). 

Each model can have parameters, variables, equations, initial conditions, boundary conditions and submodels that can have submodels themselves. Models can be based in pre-existing ones, and extra-functionality (new parameters, variables, equations, etc.) can be added. So, composition hierarchical modelling) and inheritance are supported. Every parameter and variable in a model is based in a predefined type and have a set of properties like a line/description, lower and upper bounds, unit of measurement among others. As models, types can have subtypes and the object-oriented paradigm is implemented. Some examples of types declarations can be seen in Figure 2. 

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