Information, internal flow

A thorough description of the internal flow stmcture inside a swid atomizer requires information on velocity and pressure distributions. Unfortunately, this information is still not completely available as of this writing (1996). Useful iasights on the boundary layer flow through the swid chamber are available (9—11). Because of the existence of an air core, the flow stmcture iaside a swid atomizer is difficult to analyze because it iavolves the solution of a free-surface problem. If the location and surface pressure of the Hquid boundary are known, however, the equations of motion of the Hquid phase can be appHed to reveal the detailed distributions of the pressure and velocity. 

Miller Internal Flow Systems, 2d ed.. Chap. 13, BHRA, Cranfield, 1990) gives the most complete information on losses in bends and curved pipes. For turbulent flow in circular cross-seclion bends of constant area, as shown in Fig. 6-14 7, a more accurate estimate of the loss coefficient K than that given in Table 6-4 is... 

Viscosity (See Sec. 5 for further information.) In flowing liquids the existence of internal friction or the internal resistance to relative motion of the fluid particles must be considered. This resistance is caUed viscosity. The viscosity of liquids usuaUv decreases with rising temperature. Viscous liquids tend to increase tlie power required by a pump, to reduce pump efficiency, head, and capacity, and to increase Friction in pipe lines. 

Internal recycle reactors are designed so that the relative velocity between the catalyst and the fluid phase is increased without increasing the overall feed and outlet flow rates. This facilitates the interphase heat and mass transfer rates. A typical internal flow recycle stirred reactor design proposed by Berty (1974, 1979) is shown in Fig. 18. This type of reactor is ideally suited for laboratory kinetic studies. The reactor, however, works better at higher pressure than at lower pressure. The other types of internal recycle reactors that can be effectively used for gas-liquid-solid reactions are those with a fixed bed of catalyst in a basket placed at the wall or at the center. Brown (1969) showed that imperfect mixing and heat and mass transfer effects are absent above a stirrer speed of about 2,000 rpm. Some important features of internal recycle reactors are listed in Table XII. The information on gas-liquid and liquid-solid mass transfer coefficients in these reactors is rather limited, and more work in this area is necessary. 

A thorough description of the internal flow structure inside a swid atomizer requires information on velocity and pressure distributions. Unfortunately, this information is stiU not completely available as of this writing (1996). Usefiil insights on the boundary layer flow through the swid... 

D. S. Miller, Internal Flow Systems, 2d ed., BHRA (Information Services), Cranfield, UK, 1990. 

From Equation 3.2, it can be seen that A is the difference between the internal flows of a CS, and thus gives information regarding the overall net movement of material (up or down) in a CS. A is, obviously, not an actual flow in the CS, but can nonetheless be regarded as a pseudo flow. Further, being a difference in two flows, it is obvious that A can exhibit either positive or negative values. 

For situations where there was no single input or output stream, sj tems containing multiple unit operations were created. The tracing techniques for these conpound systems did not provide the information needed to determine the internal flows for these systems. In order to determine reflux ratios for columns, for example, the process flow table must be consulted. 

Goal 2 - Reinforce international cooperation among participants as a basis for understanding through experiencing the culture of the four partners academic campuses, and informal conversations flowing from formal presentations throughout the woikshop. 

The material balance table can be supplemented with temperatures, pressures, phases, and stream enthalpies (or internal energies). Utility flows and conditions should be added to the process information. 

Scope, 52 Basis, 52 Compressible Flow Vapors and Gases, 54 Factors of Safety for Design Basis, 56 Pipe, Fittings, and Valves, 56 Pipe, 56 Usual Industry Pipe Sizes and Classes Practice, 59 Total Line Pressure Drop, 64 Background Information, 64 Reynolds Number, R,. (Sometimes used Nr ), 67 Friction Factor, f, 68 Pipe—Relative Roughness, 68 Pressure Drop in Fittings, Valves, Connections Incompressible Fluid, 71 Common Denominator for Use of K Factors in a System of Varying Sizes of Internal Dimensions, 72 Validity of K Values,... 

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