Infective endocarditis causative organisms

Infective endocarditis caused by these streptococci typically has a subacute clinical course. The current cure rate is often over 90% unless complications occur, which is the case in more than 30% of patients.17 The majority of viridans streptococci remain very susceptible to penicillin, with most strains having a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of less than 0.125 mcg/mL.15,18 Organisms with decreased susceptibilities are increasing. Therefore, antibiotic susceptibilities need to be assessed in order to determine the most appropriate treatment regimen. 

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious infection affecting the lining and valves of the heart. While this disease is mostly associated with infection of the heart valves, the septal defects may become involved as well. Infections also occur in patients with prosthetic or mechanical devices, such as mechanical heart valves or who are intravenous drug users (IVDUs). Bacteria is the primary cause of IE however, fungi and atypical organisms also can be responsible pathogens. 

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare acute or subacute disease in adults, rather similar to the hemolytic uremic syndrome in children, in which there is systemic malaise, fever, skin purpura, renal failure, hematuria and proteinuria. Hemorrhagic infarcts caused by platelet microthrombi occur in many organs in the brain they may cause stroke-like episodes (Matijevic and Wu 2006) although more commonly there is global encephalopathy. The blood film shows thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia and fragmented red cells. The differential diagnosis includes infective endocarditis, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. 

Getttamidtt. Gentamicin is widely used in the treatment of severe infections. Uses include septicemia, neonatal sepsis, neonatal meningitis, biliary tract infection, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, and endocarditis. Gentamicin is frequently used for empiric therapy in presmned gramnegative bacillary infections before the identification and susceptibility of the causative organism are known. Patients with cystic fibrosis and those in intensive care imits often have Pseudomonas infections and are typically treated with gentamicin. 

Vancomycin is the drug of choice against serious infections caused by methicihin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci [172]. It may also be used for treatment of infections by gram-positive organisms in penicillin-intolerant patients. Vancomycin has been extensively used to treat endocarditis caused by streptococci, enterococci and staphylococci. The empiric treatment of intravenous catheter sepsis and hemodialysis vascular access infection by vancomycin has led to a linear increase in its use in the last decade [173]. Oral vancomycin is efficacious in the treatment of Corynebacterium difficile-mediated diarrhea. Of major concern is the recent emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus strains [174,175]. 

The first infectious intracranial aneurysm was probably described by Church in 1869 when he established a relationship between an intracranial aneurysm and infectious endocarditis. The term infectious aneurysm should be preferred bacterial or mycotic should be used only if bacteria or fungi are demonstrated as the causative organisms. The frequently used term mycotic is misleading in the vast majority of patients because bacterial infection represents the most common cause for infectious... 

Oral/IV use for treatment of infections of the respiratory tract, skin and skin structure, and STDs caused by susceptible organisms treatment of pertussis, diphtheria, erythrasima, intestinal amebiasis, conjunctivitis of the newborn, Legionnaires disease, listeriosis, nongonococcal urethritis, pneumonia of infancy, urogenital infections during pregnancy treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease, syphilis, uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infections in adults prevention of attacks of rheumatic fever prevention of bacterial endocarditis. 

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