Inert saturated

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are quite reactive —in contrast to the relatively inert saturated hydrocarbons. This reactivity is associated with the double bond. In the most characteristic reaction, called addition, one of the bonds of the double bond opens and a new atom becomes bonded to each of the carbon atoms. Some of the reagents that will add to the double bond are... 

This reaction is easily controlled, uses an inexpensive reagent, and gives benign products that are easily disposable. The method also shows promise as a means of converting inert saturated fluorocarbons into more reactive fiuoroalkenes or fluoroarenes for use in syntheses. 

Compounds with a high LUMO and a low HOMO (Figure 5.5a) will be chemically inert. Saturated hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, and to some extent ethers fall in this category. 

Conversely to their usual stability and chemical inertness, saturated perfluorocarbons can be susceptible to reductive defluorination in one-electron-transfer reactions. Thus, per-fluorodeeahydronaphthalene is converted by sodium benzenethiolate to octakisfphenylsul-fanyl)naphthalene, attacking first the weaker tertiary C — F bond (see Section 3.5.). Independent of the strong C — C bonds, in hydrocarbon-perfluorocarbon copolymers elimination of hydrogen fluoride takes place above 350 C. 

Ozone Competition Reaction Procedures. In the relative rate studies, the solvent-saturated ozone—oxygen stream was passed into a glass bubbler reactor vessel charged with 4 ml of about 4 X 10"2M concentration of each of the two silanes to be competitively ozonized as well as of an inert saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon to function as internal standard. (For example, n-undecane was used for the tributylsilane/trihexylsilane study.) The effluent from the reactor passed through a solvent-filled bubble counter to visualize the flow. The inlet stream splitter mentioned earlier was adjusted to allow 2—4 hours for each runs completion, as determined by experience. The temperature was controlled at 0°C in both the saturator and the reactor by ah ice bath. 

Today s industrial organic chemistry is still largely based on crude oil as primary feedstock. Crude oil has an inert, saturated hydrocarbon character that typically... 

The power of ROA for assigning ACs of chiral compounds has been previously demonstrated, including two very challenging cases. The first case was that of bromo-chlorofluoromethane, the simplest chiral molecule that is used as an example to illustrate chirality or asymmetric carbon atoms, which was assigned as (+)-S and The second case involved the AC of chirally deuterated neopentane, a chemically inert saturated hydrocarbon, which represents the archetype of all molecules that are chiral as a result of a dissymmetric mass distribution. This compound was assigned as (R)-[ Hi, H2, H3]-neopentane by ROA combined with quantum chemical computations. ... 

Alkanes from CH to C4gFlg2 typically appear in crude oil, and represent up to 20% of the oil by volume. The alkanes are largely chemically inert (hence the name paraffins, meaning little affinity), owing to the fact that the carbon bonds are fully saturated and therefore cannot be broken to form new bonds with other atoms. This probably explains why they remain unchanged over long periods of geological time, despite their exposure to elevated temperatures and pressures. 

Fig. XII-12. Top friction traces for two calcium alkylbenzenesulfonate monolayers on mica where the monolayers are in a liquidlike state. A—in inert air atmosphere B—in saturated decane vapor. Bottom contact radius-load curves showing adhesion energy measured under the same conditions as the friction traces. (From Ref. 53.)...

Several of the lower alkanes, from C2 to C7, have been used from time to time for surface area determination. They possess the virtue of chemical inertness towards the majority of adsorbents, and their saturation pressures... 

Sulfur. Low sulfur stocks and EV sulfur-accelerated systems have better aging resistance. Normally, the oxidation rate increases with the amount of sulfur used in the cure. The increased rate may be due to activation of adjacent C—H groups by high levels of combined sulfur. Saturated sulfides are more inert to oxidation than aHyUc sulfides. Polysulfidic cross-links impart excessive hardening of SBR as compared to more stable monosulfidic cross-links. 

The equations given predict vapor behavior to high degrees of accuracy but tend to give poor results near and within the Hquid region. The compressibihty factor can be used to accurately determine gas volumes when used in conjunction with a virial expansion or an equation such as equation 53 (77). However, the prediction of saturated Hquid volume and density requires another technique. A correlation was found in 1958 between the critical compressibihty factor and reduced density, based on inert gases. From this correlation an equation for normal and polar substances was developed (78) ... 

Quenching only saturated vapors with no inerts ... 

Aminophenol hydrochloride [51-78-5] M 145.6, m 306 (dec). Purified by treating an aqueous soln with saturated Na2S203 filtering under an inert atmosphere, then recrystd from 50% EtOH twice and once from absolute EtOH [Livingston and Ke J Am Chem Soc 72 909 7950]. 

Recirculation of non-boiling liquids can be achieved by bubbling inert gas through the liquid in the reactor jacket. This is less practical for fluids with significant vapor pressure, because the jacket still must be under pressure, and a large condenser must be installed to condense the liquid from the vapor-saturated gas at the jacket temperature. It is more useful with molten metals and salts. For the design details of the reactor tube s inside, the same considerations apply as for a thermosiphon-controlled reactor. 

Manganese, copper, iron, cobalt and nickel ions can all initiate oxidation. Untinned copper wire can have a catastrophic effect on natural rubber compounds with which it comes into contact. Inert fillers for use in rubbers are usually tested for traces of such metal ions, particularly copper and manganese. The problem is perhaps less serious in saturated hydrocarbon polymers but still exists. 

Oxidations usually proceed in the dark at or below room temperature in a variety of solvents ranging from aqueous bicarbonate to anhydrous benzene-pyridine. Base is quite commonly used to consume the hydrogen halide produced in the reaction, as this prevents the formation of high concentrations of bromine (or chlorine) by a secondary process. The reaction time varies from a few minutes to 24 hours or more depending on the nature of the reagent and the substrate. Thus one finds that NBS or NBA when used in aqueous acetone or dioxane are very mild, selective reagents. The rate of these oxidations is noticeably enhanced when Fbutyl alcohol is used as a solvent. In general, saturated, primary alcohols are inert and methanol is often used as a solvent. 

When used at room temperature in the presence of an active platinum catalyst in an inert solvent, e.g., acetone or ethyl acetate, oxygen will oxidize nonhindered, saturated hydroxyl groups and exposed allylic alcohols. This reagent has found extensive use in sugar chemistry and is particularly suited for the selective oxidation of either 3a- or 3j -alcohols of steroids. Other hydroxyl groups on the steroid skeleton are much less sensitive to oxidation. As a result, this reaction has been used extensively in research on polyhydroxy cardiac-active principles, e.g., the cardenolides and bufadienolides, where the 3-hydroxyl group is easily oxidized without extensive oxidation or dehydration of other hydroxyl groups. The ordinarily difficult selective oxidation of the... 

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